ipiS 



of apples), tobacco (nicotine sulphate) 

 1-1200 should be added. Compared 

 with past years, we have made a reduc- 

 tion in the strength of lime-sulphur to 

 be used, and further experimental evi- 

 dence will probably permit the making 

 of greater dilutions for this application. 

 The spray should be applied when the 

 average fruit spurs show the condition 

 us given in Figure 1. In orchards where 

 lime and sulphur has been regularly 

 used in the control of apple scab for 

 several years, mildew is incidentally 

 kept in check by this fungicide. The 

 trouble is usualy more pronounced in 

 young unsprayed orchards or in sec- 

 tions where lime-sulphur has not been 

 extensively employed. In orchards 

 where the disease is prevalent it can 

 be more specially brought under control 

 by adding iron sulphide mixture 10-100 

 to the lime-sulphur. The fungus which 

 causes powdery mildew begins activi- 

 ties as soon as the foliage appears in 

 the spring, and demands the same atten- 

 tion in controling it as does apple scab. 



3. Pink Spray. The pink spray is em- 

 ployed chiefly for the control of apple 

 scab. In sections where the bud moth 

 is present arsenate of lead used in the 

 standard dilutions should be added to 

 the lime-sulphur. Owing to the fact 

 that the entire developing apple cannot 

 be completely covered with spray, and 

 thereby given complete protection, until 

 the young fruits have separated in the 

 clusters, this spray should be delayed 

 until the condition found in Figure 2 

 presents itself. In large orchards, how- 

 ever, it will not be possible to wait until 

 all of the spurs are in this condition. 

 The orchardist should arrange his 

 spraying so that the greatest proportion 

 of the crop is sprayed while in this con- 

 dition. If mildew is severe add the iron 

 sulphide mixture. 



4. Calyx Spray. All orchardists are 

 familiar with the value of applying 

 arsenate of lead at this period in the 

 development of the young apple. Apply 

 the spray a few days following the 

 dropping of the petals, as shown in Fig- 

 ure 3. Owing to the fact that it is nec- 

 essary to protect the fruit from further 

 scab infection, lime-sulphur must be 

 used. In orchards where mildew con- 

 trol is a problem, continue the use of 

 the iron sulpide mixture. 



5. Ten-Day Spray. The so-called ten- 

 day or two-weeks spray is primarily 

 used for furthering scab protection. It 

 is through the use of this application 

 and the following one that "shot fun- 

 gus" or the appearance of numerous 

 scab spots on the fruit, usually early in 

 July, is prevented. It is a very import- 

 ant spray during most seasons and must 

 not be omitted. 



6. Thirty-Day Spray. This applica- 

 tion is made just previous to the hatch- 

 ing of the first brood of codling moth 

 and is therefore a very important appli- 

 cation. During certain seasons it is 

 necessary to use a spray in order to 

 prevent further scab development. The 

 use of lime-sulphur is dangerous at this 

 time, due to the possibility of burning, 

 and before using it consult with the 

 nearest investigator. We have been ex- 

 perimentinng for two seasons with self- 

 boiled lime-sulphur in this application 



BETTER FRUIT 



Figure 2 — Pink Spiny. 



Figure 3 — Calyx Spray. 



and the preceding, and the results that 

 have been obtained are very encourag- 

 ing. Scab control has resulted with 

 practically no fruit burn. The greatest 

 difficulty so far encountered is that of 

 preparation. Both the lime and the 

 sulphur must be of good quality or the 

 resulting product will contain many 

 fine particles which clog up the nozzle. 

 The work which is to be continued 

 along this line during the coming sea- 

 son will clear up many of the difficul- 

 ties so far encountered in the use of 

 self-boiled lime-sulphur. For the prep- 

 aration of this material write the Ore- 

 gon Agricultural College, Corvallis. 

 7. July Spray. This application is 



Page j 



needed in some sections of the state for 

 the control of codling moth. Keep in 

 touch with your fruit inspector or in- 

 vestigator. At Hood River and most of 

 I he interior apple districts the hatching 

 of the second brood of worms docs not 

 take place until August. During some 

 seasons the green and woolly aphids 

 become injurious during this month. 

 Watch them closely and if they become 

 injurious spray. 



8. August Spray. In many sections of 

 the Northwest the lead spray for the 

 control of the second brood of codling 

 moths must be applied duriing this 

 month. The exact date can only be de- 

 termined by carefully conducted breed- 

 ing observations, carried on by one 

 familiar with the insect's activities. If 

 your section is badly infested with 

 worms, get an expert to carry on some 

 breeding studies. To be effective dur- 

 ing the time the eggs are hatching the 

 spray must be applied at a time not to 

 exceed a few days before the hatching 

 of the first eggs, or the spray will lose 

 its effectiveness before the later eggs 

 are hatched. A lead spray at this time 

 of the year is entirely effective for a 

 period not to exceed 21 to 25 days. If 

 an application, therefore, is applied a 

 couple of weeks before the eggs begin 

 to hatch its extended effectiveness is 

 greatly reduced. During some seasons 

 eggs continue to hatch for a month or 

 more, with a result that it is very essen- 

 tial to put the spray on at just about the 

 right time. Bordeaux 3— 1-50 can be 

 added to the arsenate of lead. This, 

 however, is only advised in orchards 

 where anthracnose is causing consider- 

 able damage. Bordeaux has a tendency 

 to mottle red apples, due to the fact that 

 the sunlight is prevented from reaching 

 the surface of the fruit and the apples 

 do not color uniformly. 



9. Fall Spray. For the control of an- 

 thracnose the fall application of bor- 

 deaux mixture should immediately fol- 

 low the harvesting of the fruit. If this 

 disease is once put under complete con- 

 trol in a given district, spraying every 

 other year thereafter has been found 

 sufficient in the Hood River sections to 

 keep the trouble in check. This would 

 probably be true of the activities of the 

 disease in other sections. Spores be- 

 come active following the early fall 

 rains, and to get complete control the 

 application should be made before these 

 occur. 



DILUTION TABLE FOR LIME-SULPHUR AT DIFFERENT 

 (This table is prepared considering lime-sulphur at 32° Beaume 

 testing higher or lower are arranged so that they wi 

 same amount of sulphur in the diluted sp 



Degrees 

 Beaume 



36... 

 35... 

 34... 

 33... 

 32... 

 81... 

 30... 

 29... 



DEGREES BEAUME* 



as standard. Concentrates 



11 contain the 



ay.) 



27. 

 26. 

 25. 

 24. 

 23. 

 22. 

 21. 

 20. 



•This iMl.lr 



kindly prepared by Mr. R. H. Robinson, 

 Experiment Station. 



Assistant Chemist, Oregon 



