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BETTER FRUIT 



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many fine crops of Winesaps and Stay- 

 mans were ruined. The series of 

 drouths which were encountered that 

 year produced no less than four differ- 

 ent sets of drouth spots on the same 

 apples. In many orchards trees were 

 killed before the end of the season and 

 many more died during the following 

 summer. The fine feeding roots had 

 been destroyed by the drouth and the 

 trees were unable to recover. 



Apples affected with drouth spot sel- 

 dom fall from the tree and with the 

 resumption of irrigation will continue 

 to grow. The drouth spot itself is 

 simply a collection of cells from which 

 the water has been extracted to such a 

 degree that they are killed. When irri- 

 gation is resumed the other cells start 

 to grow again and the apple expands 

 around the dead portion, producing a 

 misshapen fruit covered with depressed 

 spots. The dead tissue is quite shallow, 

 but may be of considerable lateral ex- 

 tent. Apples affected with such acute 

 drouth as described do not usually 

 attain the size of normal fruit and do 

 not properly mature. In storage they 

 appear to keep as well as other apples, 

 but the flavor is flat and something like 

 that of a green apple. 



As a result of drouth during the latter 

 part of July and early August there 

 results a condition of apples which we 

 term "punk" for lack of a better name. 

 But this term is quite descriptive. The 

 apples appear mottled in color and 

 when pressed are found to be somewhat 

 rubbery and elastic. The interior is 

 streaked and spotted with brown punky 

 flesh which is rather dry and mealy. 

 This condition has been met with only 

 in isolated sections of orchards in the 

 Northwest, but in the East whole or- 

 chards are reported to be involved. 

 York Imperial seems especially sus- 

 ceptible, but it is also found on Ben 

 Davis, Gano and Spitzenberg as well as 

 other varieties. 



There are numerous other drouth 

 troubles, so called because drouth en- 

 ters largely into their cause, but it must 

 be understood that these diseases com- 

 prise disorders due in part to other 

 causes, since, as was pointed out earlier, 

 drouth may interfere with the proper 

 nutrition of the plant. A drouth trouble 

 does not necessarily mean that a 

 physical lack of moisture alone is con- 

 cerned. Different effects follow drouth 

 at different times of the year and on 

 different varieties. 



Another drouth trouble which might 

 be mentioned is cork, which is a dis- 

 ease often mistaken for bitter pit, or 

 Baldwin spot, and which has been very 

 prevalent in some sections of the North- 

 west. In this disease the flesh of the 

 apple is filled with brownish corky 

 spots usually spherical in shape and 

 often confined to the region of the core. 

 They are often found in connection 

 with the main vascular about the core. 

 Sometimes there is no external evidence 

 of the disease, but the surface of the 

 apple over a spot may be depressed and 

 at times there is a sticky yellowish 

 exudate on this area similar to that 

 found in the case of drouth spot. When 

 cut the apple appears to have a cheese- 



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