ipiS 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page ip 



Benefits in Horticulture, Etc. 



Continued from page 11 



by experiments with a large list of 

 plants. He also demonstrated that some 

 plants refused to produce seed unless 

 cross-pollinized. Darwin and others 

 have more recently added much to our 

 general knowledge of the advantages 

 to be derived from cross-pollination. 



In those horticultural crops where 

 seeds are used for reproduction cross- 

 pollination in the broader sense (the 

 transfer of pollen between individuals 

 of different varieties) is undesirable. 

 We know that varieties of sweet corn 

 planted side by side may become cross- 

 fertilized and that the value of the crop 

 for seed is thereby impaired. The same 

 is true of many other garden crops. 

 The seedsman who makes a business of 

 growing pure seed of those crops where 

 cross-pollination may take place must 

 isolate his varieties so cross-fertiliza- 

 tion, in the broader horticultural sense, 

 is impossible. Among horticultural 

 crops, cross-pollination in the narrower 

 sense (the transfer of pollen between 

 individuals of the same variety) is 

 rarely, if ever, detrimental, and with 

 many crops it is beneficial or abso- 

 lutely essential. Little work has been 

 undertaken with common garden crops, 

 but no doubt crass-pollination in the 

 narrower sense commonly occurs, and 

 possibly in some cases is quite neces- 

 sary. It is among those horticultural 

 crops commonly propagated vegeta- 

 tively (by cuttings, layers, suckers, 

 graftage, etc.) that the value of cross- 

 pollination is so apparent. 



First, there are those plants which 

 produce imperfect flowers. The straw- 

 berry is a familiar example. We all 

 know that certain varieties of straw- 

 berries do not produce pollen, the flow- 

 ers bear only instils or organs to re- 

 ceive the pollen. Without pollen from 

 another plant these flowers will not 

 form seeds and without the stimulus of 

 fertilization the fleshy fruit will not 

 develop. Not only must we grow vari- 

 eties with perfect flowers beside these 

 imperfect flowered sorts but there must 

 be means of transferring the pollen. 

 The persimmon tree always bears the 

 pollen-producing flowers upon one 

 plant and the pistilate or female flower 

 upon another. If we expect fruit we 

 must have the two plants, although the 

 one bearing pollen is fruitless. 



We might go on mentioning other 

 cases where such a system of flower 

 production necessitates the transfer of 

 pollen from plant to plant, or we might 

 mention the less striking arrangement 

 as in cucumbers, melons and pumpkins, 

 where the two types of flowers are 

 borne upon the same plant, thus neces- 

 sitating a transfer of pollen from flower 

 to flower, but not necessarily from 

 plant to plant. In these cases it is easy 

 to understand the importance of crOSS- 

 pollination, and where the plants arc 

 not propagated by seeds it matters 

 little whether the transfer of pollen is 

 between individuals of the same vari- 

 ety or individuals of different varieties, 

 so long as it has the desired effect, to 

 stimulate the development of fruits. 

 All we need is to sec a plant of this 



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type in bloom and we know at once that 

 cross-pollination is needed, for the im- 

 perfections in the Mower are easily 

 seen with the naked eye. 



Hut there is another list of plants 

 much larger than the one just men- 

 tioned in which cross-pollination is just 



as important. These are the plants that 

 will not produce seed, and in many 

 cases fruit, when pullinizcd with pollen 

 of llii' same plant, or, in some cases, 

 even with pollen from another plant of 

 the same variety. We call these plants 

 self-Sterile. these are the plants the 



