19 1 3 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page 



FiGlBE 10. 



Magnifii-d section of tht> wood of the Cherry. 

 iPriiniis serolina. Ehrh.) 



cut it made parallel 

 and close to the sur- 

 face from which the 

 limh arises, the 

 wound will be in the 

 best position to in- 

 tercept the food ma- 

 terials passing down 

 li'om the leaves 

 through the inner- 

 "bark." (See Figure 

 14.) For similar rea- 

 sons heading back is 

 usually to a side 

 limb father than cut- 

 ting to a bare stub. 



V r o m the ah o v e 

 facts it should be 

 evident that the 

 growth and thrift of 

 a tree is dependent 

 upon various factors, 

 a m o n g w h i c h w e 

 must include the fer- 

 tility of the soil, the 

 water supply about 



Figure 13. 

 Basswood. 



"stoma." Through these openings the 

 air has access to the interior of the leaf. 

 The carbon dioxide, present in the air 

 in small amounts, combines with mois- 

 ture present in the leaf, under the inllu- 

 ence of sunlight in the region of the 

 green coloring bodies found in the leaf 

 palisade tissue. The result is ])lant food 

 in the form of starches and sugars. 

 These air openings or stomata are 

 present on the lower surface of an 

 apple leaf to the extent of about 24,(1(11) 

 per s(iuare inch. Figure 12 shows such 

 stomata photograi)hed from the under 

 side of a leaf. 



The food laid down or manufactured 

 in the leaf is distributed over the tree 

 through certain regions of "food ducts" 

 which are located in the inner "bark." 

 Thus in F'igure 13 we see in the cross 

 cut of a basswood limb that the woody 

 or water-carr)ing tissues are sur- 

 rounded by certain regions of the 

 "bark" (P) which are responsible for 

 the distribution of food to the tree. 

 It is a familiar fact that wounded 

 animal tissue reipiires abundant food 

 materials to repair and rebuild the 

 injury. The food is supplied by the 

 blood. In the case of plants, the food 

 stream is distributed more slowly 

 through fhi bark. It thus is evident 

 that in r-etttoving a limb entirelx, if the 



the roots, their condition and develop- 

 ment, the care with which the soil has 

 been cultivated, and the character of 

 the leafy top of the tree. The objects 

 which are aimed at in pruning are 

 always more effectively attaine<l if, at 



Magnified section of the wood of the Linden or 

 (Tilia Americana. L.) "P." the food-carrying 

 regions of the inner "bark." 



be shii)ped into certain territories. The 

 Western Cooperage Company of Poi't- 

 land advises us they are getting ready 

 to make (piotations on partly made up 

 Government standard apple barrels to 

 submit to the various associations, with 

 samples, showing how they would be 

 .shipped. The idea they are working 

 on, they state, is a simple proposition 

 to the packer, as the barrels will be 

 partly made up, requiring no cooper- 

 ing or special labor or tool work of any 

 kind. 



Fir.iRE 12. Photomicrograph of stotnata 



on the nnder side of a leaf. (After F. E. 



Lloyd, "Physiology of Stomata."! 



the same time that the top is being 

 artilicially altered, we bear in mind the 

 various other conditions which sur- 

 round the tree, of which we have 

 spoken above, and which are often suf- 

 ficiently ellective to modify or do away 

 entirely with the bene- 

 ficial effects of the most 

 "artistic" i)runing un- 

 thinkingly pr-acticed. 



The application of 

 these conditions to the 

 problems of |)runing in 

 Or-egon w-ill be 

 br-oughl out mor-e 

 clearly by the por- 

 tions of this ar-tide 

 which follow. 



South American Markets for Canned 

 Goods 



.\lthough South America imports about 

 .-^l.KdOd.dOO worth of canned goods an- 

 nually, the United States furnishes only 

 about 18 per cent of the total, of which 

 the principal item is canned salmon. 

 That the sales of canned goods in this 

 field can be greatly increased is the 

 opinion of Commercial Agent E. A. 

 Thayer-, of the Department of Com- 

 merce, who recently completed an in- 

 vestigation of the Latin-American mar- 

 kets for this line of goods. The results 

 of this investigation are incorporated in 

 a monograph issued by the Bureau of 

 Foreign antl Domestic Commerce. This 

 pirblication treats of the consumers' 

 pi-eferences, sales methods, pure-food 

 laws, credit terms, shipping costs, and 

 other- subjects in the various countries 

 of intei-est to .American canners. Cop- 

 ies of this monograph (Special .\gents 

 Series No. 87) may be obtained from 

 the Superintendent of Documents, at 

 Washington, for live cents. 



FiGVRE 11. Diagram of the cut edge of a leaf to show the regions 

 contaiTicd. Magnified. I.\fler Stevens, "Plant Anatomy. I 



During the last 

 two or three years 

 growers hrrve been 

 figuring on finding 

 a cheaper- r-ece|)- 

 tacle than boxes for- 

 low-grade ai)i)les to 



FlGiHr. II. Section of a stem lo show the method of 



healing after reninval of a branch. lAtler Curtis, 



"Nature and Ucvelopnu'nt of Plants.") 



