IO!=i 



BETTER FRUIT 



Pasie 21 



until some tiim- iiftcr the injury has 

 been done, and at times it is found that 

 the hark around the base of the trees 

 is injured, and soTuetimes a few inches 

 beneath the surface is dead and rot- 

 ten. A year later it will be found usu- 

 ally that many roots of the trees are in 

 an advanced stage of decay. This form 

 of winter injury is often very dilTicult 

 to distinguish with certainty. The 

 presence of the earth and continuous 

 moisture is practically sure to give 

 serious forms of rot and fungus dis- 

 eases opportunity to gain a foothold on 

 the tissue of the root and trunk sys- 

 tem of the tree, and when established 

 even as a saprophyte many forms of 

 toadstools and mushrooms will in part 

 assume the action of a parasite and re- 

 suli in the death of the tree. 



The last form of winter injury that 

 I wish to mention is the killing back 

 around the wounds made in i)runing. 

 This seldom results from pruning done 

 in the latter part of the winter or early 

 spring. In some few districts it is a 

 common injury that follows fall or 

 early winter pruning. I have not had 

 many reports come to me of this form 

 of injury being at all common in 

 Central or Eastern Washington. I had 

 an opportunity to visit a large pear 

 orchard near Olympia where this form 

 of injury was very apparent and had 

 resulted in great harm to the orchard. 

 It is more common in districts having 

 a great deal of wet weather during the 

 winter than where dry and even more 

 severe temperature is common. 



There is a great deal of difference in 

 the ability of varieties to resist winter 

 injury. Some little work has been done 

 along the line of determining the char- 

 acteristics of varieties that have strong 

 abilities to resist winter injury, but up 

 to date very little satisfactory data has 

 been accumulated. It is well known 

 that the Russian varieties of apples are 

 very hardy in this respect. As a gen- 

 eral thing the varieties that form their 

 terminal buds early in the sunmier and 

 become dormant in early autumn are 

 quite resistant to extremes of tempera- 

 ture during the winter; also to sudden 

 fluctuations. In this state indications 

 are that the Stayman Winesap is one 

 variety that will fail to reach the de- 

 gree of popularity that its fruit 

 deserves because the trees are not en- 

 tirely winter hardy in many sections. 

 The Rome Beauty, as a mature tree, is 

 quite hardy, but it is often found that 

 young trees are not satisfactorilv re- 

 sistant where too sudden fluctuations 

 or too extremes of cold are existing. 



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The Spitzenherg is another variel\ that 

 in some few localities shows a tendency 

 to he easily injured by extremes and 

 by sudden fluctuations of temperature. 

 The King apple has a peculiar fault of 

 being easily injured at the crown or 

 base of the trunk. The other parts of 

 the tree ordinarily are capable of with- 

 standing great variations in tempera- 

 lure. The Mcintosh Red is very hardy 

 when compared to other varieties, in 

 their capacity to resist extrenu's of tem- 

 pernlure. The .lonnfhan seems to suffer 

 more from the splitting of the bark on 

 the trunk than any other variety com- 

 monlv g]-o\vn in the Northwest. 



(Aillure anil irrigation are influential 

 factors in preparing trees for winter 

 quarters, and in that way modifying 

 their resistance to winter injury. Ex- 

 tremely late tillage or irrigation often 

 causes trees to continue growth until 

 late in the snnuner, and thereby are 

 unable to ripen their wood and become 

 (lornianl before the extreme cold 

 weather sets in. This is not a neces- 

 sary fault of irrigation or of orchard 

 lill.'ige, but is probably a result that not 

 iufre(|uentl\- follows attempts to force 

 an extra large growth in trees or an 



extra large size of fruit. Some districts 

 will find it i)Ossible to irrigate nuich 

 later than otheis. But where the sea- 

 son is short enough so that the varie- 

 ties connnonly grown ripen in cool, 

 frosty weather, late irrigation should 

 be ijracticed with extreme caution. 



Winter injury does not give an op- 

 portunity for the development of fun- 

 gus diseases flirect, but there are 

 saprophytic fungi widely distributed 

 and |)ractically always starting imme- 

 diately upon winter-injured wood. 

 One form of this is very common in 

 the Northwest, and has caused a great 

 deal of anxiety among orchard men. 

 They have noticed the ])resence of this 

 fungus and called it canker. There 

 are not many forms of caid<er existing 

 in the Northwest, but the term has car- 

 ried with it something of dread because 

 it does not explain anxlhing, but simply 

 expresses the thought of a disease of 

 rather unknown characteristics work- 

 ing upon the wood of the tree. All 

 that is necessary when Ibis fungus is 

 found growing on winter-injured wood 

 is lo cut away the winter-injured parts 

 of the trees and the fungus will jjracti- 

 callj always be stopped. 



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