I\l"C /J 



BETTER FRUIT 



.litiiiniry 



Successful control of orchard pests is a 

 scientific problem requiring the use of the ^.^.■:- 

 best materials applied. 



<;::s^ 







■">^i 



are effective because they are manufactured by men 



who understand orchard pests, and each one is made 



for a definite purpose. 



Distributing warehouses in the larger fruit growing centers for: 



ARSENATE OF LEAD, a successful standard poison for the control of codling moth. 

 ORCHARD BRAND ATOMIC SULPHUR for the control of mildew and certain other 

 fungus diseases. ORCHARD BRAND LIME SULPHUR SOLUTION, a combined insec 

 ticide and fungicide. ORCHARD BRAND BORDEAUX MIXTURE, a general fungicide 

 uniform in composition, ready for use, and UNIVERSAL SOLUBLE OIL for dormant 

 spraying on deciduous trees. UNIVERSAL MISCIBLE OIL, DISTILLATE EMULSION 

 and WHALE OIL SOAPS for special uses as needed. 



Reliable information for the control of orchard pests furnished free on application. 



Give age, number and kind of trees and describe fully the pests you wish to control. 



State quantity and kind of material when ordering. 



GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 



201 Sansome Street, SAN FRANCISCO 



Light Heading Back vs. Heavy Heading 

 Back 



I'l'tinin.i,' of Ijciirin.^ trees almost nec- 

 e.s.sarily con.sisl.s in one or ;ini)ther of 

 two pniclice.s, heading back or thin- 

 ning out, or in a combination of the 

 two. In regard to hea(Mng hack, two 

 tiiK'.stion.s arise at once: First, what 

 is its inlluence iiijon the nimiber of 

 friiit-s|nns that will develop, and, sec- 

 ond, what it its inlluence upon the 

 length of life and regularity of bear- 

 ing of ah'eady formed fruit-spurs? As 

 heading back may be either ligiit or 

 lieavy, and as we would natiually ex- 

 pect dillerent residts from a heavy than 

 from a light pruning, let us first con- 

 sider the probajjle effect of a light 

 heading back. \i\ light heading back 

 we will assume that there is meant a 

 thirty per cent cutting back of the 

 shoot growth of the past season. This 

 would mean that a shoot liaving ten 

 e(|iially-spaced lateral buds would have 

 the upper three removed under ordi- 

 nary circumstances. The probable 

 effect of this light heading back would 

 be that one to three, proliably two, of 

 the uppermost bu<ls remaining would 

 be forced out into shoots the follow- 

 ing summer. Some of the lower buds, 

 let us assume three, would be forced 

 out into fruit-spuis; and still others, 

 two, in the case that has been assumed 

 as typical, would remain dormant. 

 That these probable residts of a light 

 heading back nia.\ be more easily com- 

 pared with the ijrobable results of 

 olhei- types of pruning, let us multiply 



the inilividual spin-, though perhaijs the 

 tree as a whole would be regarded as 

 vigorous. The case is one of trees 

 possessing fruit-producing machinery, 

 but the machinery is in poor condition, 

 unable to turn out its full quota of 

 work. 



Furthermoie, we desire not only 

 many anil regularly bearing fruit-sinus, 

 but they must be long-lived. Hven if 

 there are some spurs formed each year, 

 and if these were to bear regularly for 

 three or four seasons, the large bearing 

 tree might soon come to have too little 

 fruit-producing machinery for large 

 yields if the spurs died when four or 

 five \ears old. Furthermore, the rapid 

 dying ofl' of spui's in the older parts of 

 trees would soon result, first, in a large 

 amount of bairen wood, and, second, 

 in the clustering of the live spurs near 

 the end.s of the smaller branches, 

 where the load of fruit can least easih 

 he su|)ported. Ordinarily the fruit-si)in' 

 that lives for twenty years and pro- 

 duces ten fruits is twice as valuable as 

 one that lives half as long anil pro- 

 duces five fruits. 



Influence of I'runing Practices Upon 

 the Fruit-Spur System of the Tree 

 With the ideal fruit-spur svstem in 

 mind, we are ready to ask these (|ues- 

 tions: How do priming nractices, as 

 conimonh emploved upon bearing trees 

 affect this mechanism for fruit jiro- 

 duction? What is their inlluence u|)on 

 the formation, regularity of beaiing 

 and length of life of the individual 

 fruit-spuisV 



I'lGUBE 40 — Th lop of an old Tompkins Kins Ircc. MiKlcr;ilc ihuiiiii;; I«.) iiiiil 

 three years ago stinuihilcd Ihc rormntion of a ralhcr hir^;c nuTiihiT ol rucdinni 



Ions shoots. Tlicsc shools havi' not ]>c™ headed liaek 

 developed larf^e luinilx'i-s of liuil spurs. .V iiuiidiei- 

 beariiif^ biuiuhes slionld now l)e icinoved in oitle'- to : 

 an abundant suppl>' of light llu-nugliout their leti^tli. 

 needed tlian hea<lii)-^ l)aeli in ttiis tree t<ii». th<nl^li 



Iieading I'aek will tend to keep the tree fifuit ;j;rowiiig 



id llavc eonse(luentl,\ 



of tllese small spur- 



llnrd those remaiinng 



'I'hiuDing out is more 



liniited amount of 



