Page 14 



BETTER FRUIT 



Fcbniarv 



THE control of Orchard Pests is no longer an experiment, but a 

 scientific problem. ORCHARD BRAND SPRAY MATERIALS 



are prepared with a thorough knowledge of the 

 existing conditions and what is necessary _ .*-;^>/S^' 



to overcome them. --"'^ 



MAIER^VL5 



?^<.«:r'^~. 



risffe*; 



—■^if'-^j.,- 



Orchard Brand Arsenate of Lead only is the standard poison for the control of 

 codling moth and similar insects. Now manufactured by an improved process which : 

 combines the ingredients so as to produce a soft, creamy paste which mixes readily 

 with water. 



Orchard Brand Atomic Sulphur, the best known remedy for the control of the 

 mildew. 



Orchard Brand Lime Sulphur Solution — a highly concentrated clear liquid free 

 from sediment for late winter and early spring spraying on fruit trees. 



Orchard Brand Bordeaux Mixture, properly balanced fungicide in paste form 

 ready for immediate dilution in water. 



Universal Dormant Soluble Oil is especially manufactured for use in the Pacific 

 Northwest apple orchards, during the dormant season, where its effectiveness has 

 been proven as a general clean-up spray to kill all species of scaleinsects, aphis eggs, etc. 



Write us, giving age, variety and kind of trees, together with a description of the pest you wish to 

 control, and we will give you definite information regarding its control. 

 When ordering, state quantity and kind of material, or age and number of trees. 



GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 



201 Sansome Street, SAN FRANCISCO 



come into general ii.se, so it will per- 

 hap.s be best to ailhere to the coni- 

 nionly-acrepted name of the disease. 



A sreat deal more confusion has 

 arisen in regard to the other diseases 

 mentioned above: the true bitter pit, 

 the corky pit or drouth spot, and the 

 stigmonose. These troubles resemble 

 one another very closely in some cases. 

 The true bitter nit appears on mature, 

 or nearly mature fruit, either on the 

 tree or in storage. When found on the 

 surface it causes hemispheiical de- 

 pressions, usually rather circular and 

 unif<'itn in shaiie. Beneath the skin 

 brown dry spots arc found, and this 

 brown tissue may extend down through 

 the flesh of the apple along the con- 

 ducting vessels, giving the flesh a 

 streaked appearance. Pits may also be 

 found at a depth in the flesh when 

 there is no outward indication of their 

 presence. The pitting is generally con- 

 fined to the lower or calyx end of the 

 apple. 



The corky \n[ or drouth spot usually 

 has a fairly large area of dead brown 

 tissue. These spots may be near the 

 surface or at a considerable depth. 

 They may appear at any staae in the 

 growth of the apple, but usually become 

 more evident later in the season. At 

 -first they are large, irregular shaped, 

 water-soaked spots, often stained a red- 

 dish color and usually covered wi'h 

 drops of a yellowish, sticky ooze which 

 is sweeti.sh to the taste. In late stages 

 of the disease the fruit is much mis- 

 shapen, the spots become very hard and 



sunken, while the llesh is brown and 

 corky like an oil bruise. In 1913 this 

 disease was first produced experi- 

 mentally at Wcnatchee by subjecting 

 Winesaps to a sudden and severe 

 drouth. In every case since observed 

 it has been found that this condition 

 prevailed before the appearance of the 

 trouble. It was at first thought that 

 these spots might possibly be due to 

 water being turneil on suddenly after 

 the drouth, but later observations have 

 shown that they developcil before irri- 

 gation was again resuineil. There is no 

 question but that a sudden shortage of 

 water is the direct cause of the spots. 

 It is probable that the character of the 

 soil may have a modifying influence. 

 The disease is most common on Wine- 

 saps, although Staymans and Ben Davis 

 are often afl'ccted. Varieties other than 

 these have been subjected to the same 

 circumstances and the fruit reduced to 

 a decidedly shriveled condition with- 

 out these corky spots ap]H'aring. In the 

 East the Ben Davis seems to liave suf- 

 fered more than other varieties from 

 this trouble. The best remedy that can 

 be offered with our present knowledge 

 is thai of uniform watering. There is 

 another form of corky pit that occurs 

 on shallow soils in some sections of 

 the East and West. It is common where 

 there is a hardpan at a .slight depth, 

 and also where there arc peculiar soils 

 outcropping. This disease is t|uite .gen- 

 eialh associated with rosette. The 

 lemedies that have been suggested are 



such as tile drainage, blasting and turn- 

 ing under cover crops. 



Stigmonose is a term used to refer 

 to insect injuries to plants. It is used 

 here to lefer particularly to the effects 

 produced on ajiples by sucking insects. 

 The gross characteristics of stigmonose 

 are very similar to those of true bitter 

 pit. The spots, however, are more 

 irregular in size and outline than those 

 of bitter pit. and instead of having 

 a rather smooth, hemispherical de- 

 pression of the skin the stigmonose is 

 usually a roughened and irregular 

 ])itting. It appeals earlier in the 

 season than bitter pit and is usually 

 found particularlx' abundant on those 

 branches where aphids are of most 

 common occurrence. It is not confined 

 to the middle or calyx end of the apple, 

 as is usually the case with true bitter 

 pit. It also (lifTers from bitter pit in 

 that it is seldom found deep in the 

 flesh and that there is no streaking 

 beneath the spots. Our first year's 

 work in Washington State was practi- 

 cally wasted, so far as results on bitter 

 pit were concerned, because experi- 

 ments were outlined for this disease 

 and carried out in orchards which it 

 had been reported to us were badly 

 afTected with bitter pit, but which we 

 later found were affected with stig- 

 monose and not true bitter pit. Within 

 the last year in certain orchard sec- 

 tions of the Kast large blocks of Yorks 

 and other varieties have been so badly 

 afl'ccted with stigmonose that the own- 

 ers, thinking they had some physio- 

 logical tiouljle, were planning to either 

 top work their trees or cut them out, 

 as they des])aired of ever controlling 

 the flisease. Upon examination it was 

 found that the disease was not bitter 

 pit but a bad case of stigmonose. While 

 the bitter pit and the stigmonose are 

 so much alike in appearance, the man- 

 ner of control is entirely difi'erent. 

 Stigmonose is due to sucking insects. 

 Its occurrence runs parallel with that 

 of the aphids, particularly the rosy- 

 api)le aphis. It is sometimes found on 

 the small gnarled apples on the inside 

 limbs of the tree, which have been 

 damaged by the early attacks of the 

 ros\- aphis, but it also occurs on other 

 apples that are near these, as well as 

 those in other parts of the tree, and 

 to which tile aphids spread later in the 

 season. It has to be controlled by con- 

 trolling the sucking insects. In order 

 to carr\' out bitter-pit experiments with 

 stigmonose eliminated we have found 

 it necessary to spray our experimental 

 trees for the control of aphids. This 

 control was accomi)lished this past 

 year through the co-o])eration of Mr. 

 E. ,1. Newcomer of the Bureau of En- 

 tomology, who has been associated with 

 us in the stigmonose experiments. We 

 found in one of our experimental 

 orchards, where ros\ ajjliis was i)ar- 

 ticularl> al)undant, that si)raying with 

 Black-Leaf M), diluted 1-1000 plus lime- 

 sulphur testing four degrees Beaume, 

 and ai)i)lied just as tlie terminal buds 

 were becoming green, reduced the 

 amount of stigmonose from Ki to less 

 than 1 per cent. True bitter pit does 



