IQl6 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page 15 



not usually apiK'ni' until tin- fruit is 

 nearly mature, anil often develops in 

 storage, particularly where improper 

 methods arc used. It is worse on large 

 apples and on fruit from young trees. 

 Irrigation is a very important factor 

 in its control. In our experiments 

 on this disease it has been found 

 that heavily-watered trees, particularly 

 those watered heavily late in the sea- 

 son, have a much greater percentage 

 of diseased fruit than those receiving 

 medium or light watering. 



The following data, showing the per- 

 centage of bitter pit present, has been 

 obtained in experiments of the pasi 

 year on Grimes variety, counts being 

 made twelve days after picking: 



Heavily watcrrd throughout the season. .. .43% 



Medium supply of water throughout sea- 

 son 17% 



Medium supply of water until August 1, 

 then heavily watered 49% 



Lightly watered throughout season 14% 



After six weeks in cellar storage the 

 amount of disease (bitter pit) had in- 

 cerased to the following percentages: 



Heavily watered throughout season 73% 



Medium supply of water throughout sea- 

 son 54% 



Medium sujiply of water until August 1, 

 then heavily wiitered 81% 



Lightly watered throughout season 40% 



These results are graphically pre- 

 sented on the accompanying chart, 

 where the soil moisture is expressed 

 in per cent of soil saturation as deter- 

 mined by frequent tests throughout the 

 season. It might be noted in a con- 

 sideration of the above figures that the 

 results were obtained froiu five-year- 

 old trees of a very suscpetible variety. 

 Practically the same contrasts were 

 obtained in another similar experiment 

 using Jonathans instead of Grimes. Our 

 results in this case differed from the 

 above only in the relative smaller 

 amount of disease occasioned by the 

 dilfering susceptibilities of the varie- 

 ties. The production of Jonathan spot, 

 so far as it has thus far been deter- 

 mined, closely parallels that of bitter 

 pit in these experiments. It is evident 

 that bitter pit can be largely reduced 

 in irrigated sections by the proper 



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PRAYED 



Canning Season — The time of the year when fruit 13 



preserved for use during winter months. This is when 



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Fruii— It's easier to prepare, goes farther, loclis fine, keeps well and tastes 



better than the ordinary kind that is small a.".d often wormy and spotted, 



requiring double the attention and care to cx'".. 



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handling of the irrigation water. There 

 are other factors concerneil, however, 

 but our experiments do not Justify a 

 report on these at tlie present time. In 

 storage the disease is partitilly pre- 

 vented, or at least delayed in apjiear- 

 ance, by prompt cooling. This report 

 on these diseases is not given as a final 

 statement on the subject, as there is 

 yet nnich to be found out, but there 

 are a few things of practical impor- 

 tance that can be definitely stated. The 

 fungous fruit spot of the Kast does not 

 occur ill Washington, and sprayings 

 with fungicides for spot and pit 

 troubles are unnecessary. Jonathan 



spot is a skin disease of a physiological 

 nature. It appears most often after the 

 fruit goes into storage and is not con- 

 trolled by spraying. Stigmonose is of 

 common occurrence, has been much 

 confused with true bitter pit. and can 

 be controlled by controlling the suck- 

 ing insects. The control of corky pit 

 or drouth spotting should be attempted 

 ahnig lines of soil improvement and 

 maintaining a uniform water supply. 

 True bitter pit can be greatly reduced 

 by proper handling of irrigation water, 

 that is, by avoiding excessive irriga- 

 tion, especially late in the season, and 

 b,\ hastening the fruit into cold storage. 



Alfalfa in the Orchard, or Better Orchard Farming 



By P. S. Darlinslon, Horticulturist, Wcimlilui' 



UP until the last two or three years three years 

 I)rices for our Northweslern ai)ples 

 have been good. So good in fact that 

 our fruit farmers of Washington have 

 made good big profits and have done 

 well in a business way, regardless of 

 whelher they have conducted their 

 farms upon good, sound business jiiin- 

 ciples or not. We are inclined to lay 

 most of our (roubles in the last two or 



Wiisliinulou. 



Ill niarkeling conditions. 

 .\s a matter of fad ade(|uale marketing 

 facilities have not kept pace with the 

 rapidly - increasing lonnage of the 

 .Xortbwesl. However, in the last year 

 or Iwo a great deal has been said and 

 done along the line of improving our 

 liack, grade, and marketing conditions 

 in the future. But none of us can 

 foresee what prices we are likely to 



