Page 12 



BETTER FRUIT 



Apnl 



OUR 1916 ANNUAL CATALOG 



Garden, Flower and Field Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Garden, 

 Orchard, Poultry and Bird Supplies, Fertilizers, Sprays, etc. 



A Western Catalog for Western Buyers. Up-to-date, com- 

 plete and nicely illustrated— a reliable, truthful guide. 



Our "Highest Quality" Stocks, direct to buyers only - no agents. 

 You save time and money by buying of us. Write today for 



New Catalog No. 27, free. 



ROUTLEDGE SEED & FLORAL CO. 



169-171 Second Street PORTLAND, OREGON 



y^fn^ 



ENGLISH SEEDS 



FOR YOUR GARDEN, LAWN U 

 ^a^ttUlJ *""* FLOWER BEDS M 



Tested 3003 ARCADE BUI LOIN« 



Branch of JAMES CARTER & CO., London, Ens. 



Tested 



Send C ^^^/.A Arcade 



for %>. g^<Va ^ BIdg. 



Catalog "B" | n C. Seattle, Wash. 



RMUBARB 



Now Is the Best Time to Plant 



WAGNER'S IMPROVED WINTER RHUBARB 



If planted NOW you should derive good 

 results. Also BERRIES and small fruit. 

 Write for prices. J. B. WAGNER. Rhubarb, 

 Berry and Cactus Specialist, Pasadena, Cal. 



COLLEGE SEED 



Corn— Choice Minnesota No. 13 Silage Corn and 

 Minnesota No. 23 for Grain and Hogging Off. Each 

 $3.75 per bushel; 10 cents per pound. 



Hannchen Barley — High Yielding, Threshed 

 Clean. $1.25 per bushel. 



Selected Kale — 50 cents per pound, postpaid. 



Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis 



CHUBBUCK'S IDEAL 



GOPHER TRAP 



Larger than runway: 

 jaws pull rodent in: 



catches large or small gopher and holds it. 



Farmers say it's worth dozen other makes. 



Big sales. Price 50c. If not atyourdealer'swillsend 



t to you postp.iid : Z for O'^c : 6 for %1 7P -. 12 for %^ 1(1. 

 Money b.ick il\'.ai .ir'- in.! ^i'; = fi.-ii Fr.-e .ir. i;l.rs. 

 E. J. CbabbackCo., Depl. C ?anFranciico,Cal. 



three sprayings should protect the 

 cro]). In practice, however, it has lieen 

 found that they come far from fulfdl- 

 ing this purpose. In one experiment 

 even, several years ago, we found 

 exactly as many worms when these 

 three sprayings were given as when 

 no spraying at all was tlone. xVs the 

 wormy apples were mostly entered at 

 the calyx a spraying system to he suc- 

 cessful must protect that part of the 

 fruit. As far as the codling moth is 

 concerned an apple consists of two 

 parts: a large outside comprising the 

 tough skin and a small, attractive re- 

 treat at the calyx end. That this 

 retreat proves attractive the wormy 

 apples of any unsprayed orchard will 

 show. Sometimes as many even as 

 nine out of ten worms will seek out 

 this part of the fruit, which is the only 

 part of the surface unprotected by an 

 epidermis. 



For a variable period, usually of 

 about ten days immediately t'nllowing 



the blossoming of the trees, and at that 

 time only, the calyx end of the apples 

 can be poisoned. At that time the 

 petals are out of the way, the sepals 

 project widely open and most of the 

 flowers which ultimately set fruit ex- 

 tend upward. The inner calyx, how- 

 ever, is protected by a close-fitting 

 crown of about twenty curved, springy 

 and hairy stamens. Since these sta- 

 mens are stiff a penetrating spray is 

 necessary to force the poison between 

 them. This calls for a nozzle of the 

 clipper type and for pressure. Since so 

 many of the flowers point upward the 

 spray must for the most part be 

 directed downward. This calls for the 

 crook-.joint, and in the case of trees 

 more than a dozen feet in height for 

 the tower or elevated platform in addi- 

 tion. Since the time for this spraying 

 is limited by the infolding of the 

 sepals, there is no time for loitering. 

 An unexpected spell of hot weather 

 might close the flowers in three or four 

 days. Hence the necessity again of 

 high-pressure spraying, which is syn- 

 nonymous not only with efficiency but 

 with speedy apijlication as well. Some 

 fruitgrowers overlook the fact that it 

 requires a given amount of liquid to 

 spray an orchard, whether applied at 

 ."ifl pounds or at 2,^f), and that at 50 

 pounds it takes a week do what 250 

 liounds accomplishes in a day. Pene- 

 tration, therefore, is the keynote gov- 

 erning the calyx spraying, — a penetra- 

 tion nozzle, a penetration pressure and 

 a penetration (fii'ecfion to the spray, 

 ('an the calyx cup be filled? Is it nec- 

 essary to use a driving spray? Cannot 

 excellent results follow the old method 

 of using a mist ap])lication? Is not a 

 driving spray wasteful or even in- 

 .jurious? These and a dozen otlier 

 (juestions liave been asked and an- 

 swered. 



Evidently there is a varietal differ- 

 ence in the structure of apple blossoms. 

 Sometimes, as in tlie I5aldwin, the sta- 

 mens arc ver\ tmgid and densely 

 woolly, in which case it becomes prac- 

 tically impossible in orchard practice 

 to force poison into the interior of 

 every flower. Sometimes, as in the 

 Rome Beauty, the blossoming is irregu- 

 lar, buds and old flowers occurring 

 together. In this case the calyx spray- 

 ing must be repeated. However, the 

 application shoidd be timed by those 

 central flowers of each cluster which 

 because most mature are the ones to 

 set fruit. I'sually tlie belated lateral 

 buds can be ignored because ultimately 

 they are thinned or drop off. Some- 

 times an orchard has a mixed i)lanting 

 (if earlx and bile varieties, which calls 



for a repetition of the spray, for the 

 spraying must be given when the 

 flowers are in receptive condition. 

 Sometimes, as in crabs, the flowers are 

 thin stemmed and tilt over when hit 

 by a driving stream. In all these cases 

 it is difficult in orchard practice to 

 fill the inner calyx cup and calyx 

 wormy fruit must be expected. In the 

 case of commercial Northwestern vari- 

 eties it is not only possible but prac- 

 tical to fill every calyx cup and thus 

 to destroy by means of this spraying 

 alone the vast ma.jority of worms that 

 seek this part of the apple, whether 

 they enter shortly after the spraying 

 or not until the day of harvest. We 

 have sorted the culls from many thou- 

 sands of boxes of fruit, not only that 

 experimentally sprayed but that also 

 from the orchards of Western growers 

 who have adopted this spraying sys- 

 tem, and have invariably failed to dis- 

 cover calyx wormincss. But on the 

 other hand, in attempting to apply the 

 system to New York conditions we 

 have failed to penetrate into Baldwin 

 apples, and, like other experimenters, 

 have had 10 per cent or so of the 

 wormy-fruit entered through the calyx. 



There has been much controversy as 

 to whether or not tlie calyx spraying 

 alone can protect an orchard, .\bun- 

 dantly it has been demonstrated in 

 actual expeiience that this early spray- 

 ing has given such satisfactory results 

 that later sprayings would not pay for 

 their ajjplication. .Again, and jjerhaps 

 even more frequently, other growers 

 have failed to control the cotlling moth 

 with repeated sprayings. There is no 

 question that the calyx spraying is 

 most important, .lust how carefully or 

 how poorly it is given will determine 

 the loss at harvest. Numerically it 

 should be worth as much more than 

 all subsequent a])plications together, as 

 the calyx worms exceed in number the 

 side worms. Practically it is even more 

 valuable, and for several distinct rea- 

 sons. First, it undoubtedly destroys 

 a certain percentage of leaf-eating 

 worms which would have been side 

 entering. Again, it is impossible to fill 

 the calyx without wetting the sides of 

 the blossoms, and this poison probably 

 has some effect. Hut most important 

 in the matter of practical control, late 

 sprayings never afford their full ex- 

 pected benefit, for it is the instinctive 

 habit of the codling worm to reject 

 without swallowing such distasteful 

 substances as the lough skin of the 

 apple and with it the ixiison which 

 coats this unnatural food. 



Foi- these anil other reasons llie most 

 possible emphasis should be placed on 

 thoiiiughness of the calyx application. 

 The more complete the destruction of 

 the early worms the fewer later-brood 

 worms tliere would be with which to 

 contend. I. ale sprayings at the best 

 arc unsatisfactory: lhe\' do not pre- 

 vent "slings"; they are unsuiled to 

 waxy or oily-skinned varieties: they 

 interfere with irrigation: they knock 

 off fiHiit from heavy hanging branches: 

 they are hard to time correclh : Iheir 

 efiects are transitory and so the.v must 



