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BETTER FRUIT 



Page 13 



be repeated; they atlect only the rehi- 

 tively fe%v worms that miss ihiding the 

 calyx end; they merely consume time, 

 energy and money, for their actual 

 benefit is small, this does not at all 

 mean that late sprayings should be 

 ignored, especially where thinning is 

 not practiced, for sometimes they are 

 highly essential. It means only that 

 compared with the calyx spraying 

 their combined value is small indeed. 



How much does the grower risk who 

 sets out to depend on the calyx spray- 

 ing alone? The answer is that he loses 

 his second spraying, but that need be 

 all. The commercial orchardist offsets 

 the second spraying by thinning during 

 the time of the first brood, and when 

 he also bands some of his trees he has 

 a definite, double indicator of the num- 

 ber of worms escaping the action of the 

 calyx application. If calyx wormy 

 fruit is found it would be ill advised to 

 depend on the single spraying alone, 

 for it was not thorough. If all the 

 worms are side entering he will have 

 to make his own calculations. Gener- 

 ally speaking, he will have to balance 

 the cost of the application against the 

 following factors: a pair of codling 

 moth have at most forty offspring; of 

 these from four to sixteen or so alone 

 can be reached by the late spraying, 

 for the others enter at the calyx; of 

 this limited number possibly half, but 

 probably more, reject their first nib- 

 blings, and will enter the fruit in spite 

 of the spraying; furthermore, whereas 

 second-brood worms are scattered over 

 several months, the effects of a late 

 spraying wear off in a single month. 

 Hence, for every first-brood worm that 

 escaped there wouhl be, roughly speak- 

 ing, only about one or two second- 

 brood worms that a later spraying 

 could reach. The other eighteen or so 

 would get into the fruit anyway or 

 would be poisoned by the ijrevious 

 calyx application. Of course we all 

 realize the danger of juggling with 

 figures, but in actual commercial 

 orchard experience these numbers are 

 borne out in practice with surprising 

 closeness. 



Fruitgrowers generally feel uncer- 

 tain as to exact dates for all but the 

 first spraying and commonly depend 

 on someone having a breeding cage to 

 instruct them when to spray. Breed- 

 ing-cage information is often mislead- 

 ing, for unless the cages are kept in the 

 same environment as the insect the 

 development of the codling moth is 

 abnormal. Practically all of the first 

 brood of codling moth are descendants 

 of worms which spent the winter in 

 the ground, the few exceptions coming 

 from those over-wintering in rough 

 bark, under bands, or in i)acking sheds. 

 Obviously, the few worms above 

 ground transform at a different rate 

 from those a foot down in the soil, yet 

 breeding-cage information is usually 

 based on the easiest worms to obtain. 

 A more exact determination can be had 

 I)y watching for empty pupa cases on 

 the soil beneath a wormy tree. The 

 real beginning of the first brood of 

 worms in the Northwest follows fully 



I 



^ 



"' — the motor that 

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CASE 



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tion after another has 

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J. I. Case T. M. Company, Inc. 



548 Liberty Street 



Racine, Wisconsin 



:^:a 



WHEN WRITING ADVERTISFRS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 



