Page 22 



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somewhat depressed, and frequently 

 surrounded by a border of red. Study 

 showed that many of these lesions did 

 not extend in area even when the 

 fruits were exposed to the most favor- 

 able conditions for the development of 

 bacteria and cultures from such showed 

 that the bacteria were dead. In some 

 cases there would be an extension of 

 the lesion under favorable conditions, 

 and cultures made from such speci- 

 mens always gave the organism of 

 blight. In all lesions of the type de- 

 scribed the presence of bacteria could 

 be established by microscopic exami- 

 nation. The alTected tissue was always 

 teeming with myriads of blight bacte- 

 ria, either dead or alive. A small frag- 

 ment of the brown tissue from one of 

 these lesions when placed in a drop 

 of water would invariabl>- show a pro- 

 nounced turbiility or milkiness due to 

 the abundance of the bacteria which 

 were scattered throughout the drop. 

 This method constitutes an easy way 

 of verifying the jji'escnce of the blight 

 bacteria without the use of a micro- 

 scope. This behavior of the blight 

 bacteria in the fruit of the ai)ple is in 

 agreement with their behavior in blos- 

 som or twig infections. It is known 



that the bacteria in fruit spurs and 

 twig blight cease to grow and die out 

 in many cases by midsummer. In the 

 apple the bacteria develop for a time, 

 producing lesions of varying size, but 

 finally their growth ceases and they 

 die in a high per cent of the infections, 

 thus producing the definite circum- 

 scribed lesions which have been de- 

 scribed. Whether insect punctures or 

 wounds of some other kind are neces- 

 sary for these fruit infections is an 

 open question at the present time. It 

 is undoubtedly true that some of these 

 lesions originate from insect punctures, 

 but it is worthy of note that no break 

 of the skin can be found in many of 

 these infections. It will require fur- 

 ther work to demonstrate this point, 

 but the writer is of the o])inion that 

 stomatal or lenticel invasions are 

 ])ossible. 



Up to the tiiiU' of the work ijublished 

 by the writer, no investigators had 

 admitted the possibility of leaf inva- 

 sions by the tire blight organism, 

 Bdcilliiis (imi)lovovus. The opinions 

 held by various scientists are outlined 

 in the bulletin referred to and will not 

 I)e repeated. Suflice it to say that a 

 statement made by J. C. Arthur in re- 



porting on his early investigations of 

 blight has not been disputed by later 

 workers. He wrote as follows: "Bac- 

 teria cannot be found swarming in the 

 leaves as in the bark and wood; the 

 conditions do not seem favorable for 

 their development." As a result of pre- 

 liminary observations and investiga- 

 tions carried out during the past sea- 

 son it can be definitely stated that leaf 

 invasions by the blight organism are 

 of frecpient occurrence, and that the 

 bacteria can be found in enormous 

 numbers in the veins and mesophyll of 

 the invaded portions. In connection 

 with this statement it may be of inter- 

 est to read a letter received from Dr. 

 Burrill: 



Urbana. Illinois, November 3. 1915. 

 My Dear Professor Heald: 



I hold in my hand your "Preliminary Note on Leaf 

 Invasions by Bacillus Amylovorus," Bulletin No. 125, 

 and wish to say that I feel confident from my own 

 observations that you are correct. This is, however, 

 exactly opposite from my earlier observasions and in- 

 vestigations. I remember I spread the viscid exudate 

 from the twigs over the leaves above and below with- 

 out results, and these tests doubtless served afterwards 

 to prevent reference of leaf spots such as you describe 

 to this cause. I have never seen the sticky substance 

 exuding from the leaves, but have seen leaves which 

 had all the characteristics of being infected. I do 

 not think I ever tried to find the organisms in leaves 

 by microscopic methods. 



Your observasions and experments are important, 

 and may lead to something greatly worth while. 



Very truly yours, F. J. Burrill. 

 Continued in next issue 



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