Page 4 



BETTER FRUIT 



February, ipso 



1 Also serves as a contact spray during the summer season for newly hatched scale insects. 

 Abbreviations: oz. = ounce; lb.=pound; 11. oz.zzfluid ounce; pt.=pint; qt.— quart; gal.=gallon. Weights: 16 ounces = 

 7 teaspoonfuIs = l fluid ounce; 10 fluid ounces— 1 pint; 32 fluid ounces=l quart; 4 quarts=l gallon. 



1 pound. Measures 



NoTK — Chewing insects are such as the cater- 

 pillar, larvae of moths and butterflies, beetles 

 and their grubs, sawflies and larvae, grasshop- 

 pers, ele. For these species of insects stomach 

 poisons such as arseiiicals are applied. De- 

 structive forms of sucking insects are plant 

 lice (aphids), San Jose and oyster shell scale, 

 leafhoppers and the pear psylla. Contact sprays 

 such as lime and sulphur are used to destroy 

 this class of pests. These contact sprays 

 largely kill by stopping up the breathing pores 

 of these insects which breathe through their 

 bodies. 



pest in some localities. It is controlled by the 

 dormant tree treatments recommended for the 

 control of the San Jose scale (see under 

 *'Pear insects.") 



Apple aphids — Principally three kinds of 

 aphids are important pests of apple foliage, 

 namely, the rosy aphis, the green aphis, and 

 the oat aphis. These are small greenish or 

 pink plant-lice which curl the leaves or dis- 

 tort the fruit. They winter on the apple in the 

 egg stage, the young hatching and congregating 

 on the buds just as the green shoots are push- 

 ing through the bud scales. Thorough spray- 

 ing at this time should prevent important in- 

 jury later in the season. Forty per cent nico- 

 tine sulphate is used at the rate of three- 

 fourths of a pint per 100 gallons of spray. If 

 the dormant-tree treatment for the San Jose 

 scale with lime-sulphur solution can be de- 

 layed until the buds are breaking, the scale 

 and aphid treatments may be combined. 



CONTROILED BY SUMMF-R SPBA.YING AND OTHCR 

 ME.VSURKS. 



Apple worm, or codling moth — The dirty 

 white or pinkish caterpillar which feeds with- 

 in the apple is known as the apple worm and 

 the adult insect, which it develops, as the cod- 

 ling moth. The number of broods of larvae 

 each year varies from one to three or four, 

 according to latitude and altitude. The insect 

 is well controlled by the timely use of arseni- 

 cal sprays, the number of applications varying 

 with different regions. A spray schedule ofr 

 apple orchards is given later. 



Lesser apple worm — The lesser apple worm 

 infests the fruit much as does the codling 

 moth, but the burrows are not usually so deep, 

 and it mines more under the skin in the calyx 

 basin or on the sides of the fruit. The larva; 

 is smaller than that of the codling moth and 

 is pinkish and fusiform. The treatments rec- 

 ommended for the codling moth will be efl^ect- 

 ive in controlling the lesser apple worm. 



Plum curculio — The plum curculio is one of 

 the causes of knotty, deformed apples. The 

 small snout-beetles puncture the young fruit 



in the early spring while feeding and egg lay- 

 ing, causing much of the fruit to fall or to be- 

 come misshapen as it grows, thereby destroy- 

 ing or lessening its market value. In addition, 

 the beetles, while feeding in the fall, excavate 

 small holes or cavities in the ripening fruit, 

 which favor its decay by fungi or other causes. 

 The spray applications recommended for the 



codling moth will aid much in reducing cur- 

 culio injury to apples, although in the case of 

 orchards in sod, or more or less grown up in 

 or surrounded by weeds or other vegetation, 

 sprays are not entirely satisfactory and these 

 conditions should be corrected. 



The apple maggot — Ihe apple maggot, known 

 also as the '^railroad worm," makes discolored 



Showing what sprays may be combined and plants treated. 



