BETTER FRUIT 



EDITOR: "W. H. WALTON 

 STATK ASSOCIATE EDITCBS 



OREGON— C. I. Lewis. HorticulturiBt. 



\\'AsmNCiT(iN -- I>r. A. 1-. Melaiitier, EntomoloRist : 

 O M. .Morris, Horticulturist. Pullman. 



COI*'R\l>o — V. v. tiillette. Oirector and EnIoinoInci.st ; 

 E. B. Hou.se. IiTigatlcn Expert. State Agricultural College. 

 Fort Collins. . „ 



ARIZONA— E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist. Tucson. 



WISCONSIN— Dr. E. D. Ball. Madison. 



MONTANA— O. B Whipple. Horticulturist. Bozeman. 



CALIFORNIA— r W. Woodwortli. Entomologist. Berke- 

 ley; \V. H. Volck. Entomologist. Watsonville; I^on D. 

 Batdielor. Horticulturist. Riverside. 



INDIANA— H. S. .I.aclsson. Pathologist. Lafayette. 



An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests 



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and Marketing. 



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Volume XIV 



Portland, Oregon, September 1, 1919 



Number 3 



Factors that Influence Diseases of Apples in Storage 



By D. F. Fisher, Assistant 



rEoiTon's Note. — This article is not a techni- 

 cal discussion of this subject for the profes- 

 sional horticulturist. On the contrary, it is 

 full of valuable practical information for the 

 orchardist, the apple packer, the cold storage 

 man and everyone else who handles apples 

 from orchard to market.] 



1'HE factons that influence diseases 

 of apples in storage are of vital 

 importance to all apple growers, as 

 well as shippers and dealers, but too 

 often the grower feels that his connec- 

 tion with the crop ends with its deliv- 

 ery to the shipper, and especially is this 

 true if he receives cash payment upon 

 delivery. If he sells early, delivering 

 the apples direct from the orchard to 

 the shipper, his connection with the 

 later condition of the fruit is frequently 

 questioned. He feels that thereafter the 



Pathologist, Fruit Disease Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture 



Types of soft scald on Delicious apples which 

 were unpacked at Drydcn, Washington. 



risk is all the shipper's or the dealer's, 

 both financial and as to the future con- 

 dition of the fruit itself. In what man- 

 ner, then, can the grower be affected if 

 his fruit fails to "hold up" in stoiage — 

 if his apples develop storage diseases? 

 This question must be satisfactorily 

 answered if the team work is to be 

 secured in the fruit industry which will 

 secure it on that broad basis funda- 

 mental to its continued success. To fully 

 answer it the grower must project him- 

 self beyond the confines of his own 

 orchard, the dealer must see beyond his 

 own warehouse, each must obtain a 

 concept of the industry as a whole. 

 Each must understand that his own 

 business stands or falls with that of the 

 industry. 



Here in the Northwest it has been 

 possible to adopt the motto, "All for 

 one, and one for all" — but, unfortu- 

 nately, of late there has been a tendency 

 to replace this with one reading, "Each 

 one for himself, and the devil take the 

 rest." There is a growing confusion of 

 "quantity" and "quality," with too much 

 emphasis on the "quantity" which the 

 rapidly growing orchards have yielded 

 and at the expense of the "quality" 

 which it is essential that the North- 

 western apple maintain in order to 

 successfully compete in the great con- 

 suming markets of the East. Profitable 

 disposition of Northwestern apples in 

 Eastern markets is handicapped; first, 

 by the high cost of production at home; 

 second, by high cost of transiiortation 

 to reach these markets; and third, by a 

 constantly increasing competition with 

 carefully selected Eastern apples, pro- 

 duced and marketed at less cost. The 

 latter factor may not be a popular 

 subject for discussion in the Northwest, 

 but neveilheless an ostrich attitude 

 does not pay, and the Northwest might 

 as well realize that the East by no 

 manner produces all culls and pie 

 apples. If Northwestern apples must 

 ciimpete with luistcrn apples in Eastern 

 markets they can succeed only if tlie> 

 possess a quality upon which the trade 

 will pay a premium. This lias been the 

 basis of the success of the Northwest- 

 ern apple industry in the past, and it 

 must continue to be so, for the otlier 

 economic factors are inherently of ad- 

 vantage to the East. 



Since "quality" necessarily becomes 

 the foundation of the Northwestern 

 apple business, it is the purpose of this 

 paper to discuss certain influences 

 afl'ecting the quality of apples, that is, 

 how quality is affected by storage dis- 

 eases. The "quality" of an apple is 

 subject to many influences in the realm 

 of botanical science, and a number of 

 technical investigations have been con- 

 cerned with the subject, the results of 

 which have not been generally dissemi- 

 nated. Some of these investigations 

 have been conducted in the Northwest 

 on Northwestern apples, but the prin- 

 ciples deduced are of general applica- 

 tion. 



The quality of an apple cannot be 



Unscalded Grimes apple at top; scalded at 



bottom. A disease that is developed by 



improper storage methods. 



