September. ipi() 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page 23 



Factors that Influence Diseases 



Continut'd from page 1. 



and splinters in the boxes are often 

 overlooked. 



If, with all care in handling, some 

 apples with incipient rot infection do 

 get into the packed box, there still 

 remains one recourse to reduce danger 

 of rot injury, and that is immediate cold 

 storage. The eft'ect of cold temperatures 

 in slowing up the activities and life 

 processes of plants is well known. It 

 retards the ripening of the fruit and at 

 the same time curtails the activity of the 

 rot fungi. Investigations have shown 

 that at 32 degrees F. most of these fungi 

 are able to make some growth, and that 

 if they have become established they 

 will persist and resume vigorous growth 

 as soon as the fruit is removed to a 

 warmer temperature. However, since 

 their most vigorous growth is made at 

 temperatures of 70 to 80 degrees, the 

 importance of immediately cooling of 

 the fruit is apparent. 



Non-Parasitic Diseases. 



In the second general class of storage 

 diseases, that is, those due to non-para- 

 sitic causes, we recognize two distinct 

 types: (1) Those which are influenced 

 by cultural conditions; and (2) Those 

 which are influenced by storage condi- 

 tions. Here we get into the realm of 

 plant physiology and deal with the life 

 and growth processes of plants. 



In connection with those diseases in- 

 fluenced by cultural conditions we may 

 perhaps give chief consideration to nu- 

 trition. Plants live and grow through 



processes somewhat different from 

 those prevalent in the animal kingdom, 

 but like all animals they are profoundly 

 affected by their food supply, and many 

 derangements can be traced to condi- 

 tions of nourishment among plants the 

 same as in the human family. One of 

 such conditions that comes to mind is 

 the overgrown apple, the apple that has 

 been forced to abnormal size by heavy 

 irrigation, heavy fertilization, heavy 

 pruning, heavy thinning, or by growth 

 on young trees. Such apples are not 

 healthy, they are incapable of "holding 

 up" in storage, they quickly reach the 

 end of their life processes and die of 

 "premature old age," or physiological 

 breakdown, as we call it. The flesh 

 becomes dry and mealy, turns brown, 

 and the skin may crack as though burst 

 by internal pressure. Such abnormally 

 large apples are undesirable from any 

 standpoint. They never possess the 

 flavor of normal fruits, they are fre- 

 quently undercolored, and, as has been 

 pointed out, they do not keep. Avoid 

 excesssive stimulation, especially in the 

 case of young trees just coming into 

 bearing. 



The other extreme in cultural prac- 

 tice, general neglect and poor cultural 

 conditions, results in many bad effects. 

 One especially concerns us in a consid- 

 eration of storage troubles. It has been 

 demonstrated that Yellow Newtowns 

 are subject to an internal browning of 

 the flesh when grown under negligent 

 cultural conditions, whereas this variety 

 grown by good methods will go through 



the storage season free from this 

 trouble. 



The relation of irrigation to bitter 

 pit, or Baldwin spot, another serious 

 storage disease, has been established. 

 This disease is greatly increased by 

 heavy irrigation continued until picking 

 time. It may be almost eliminated by 

 light irrigation which checks the growth 

 during the last month before picking. 

 While bitter pit is generally worse on 

 large apples than on small ones, heavy 



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308 E. Salmon St., Portland, Ore. 



THE VERY UTEST IMPROVEMENT IN FRUIT GRADERS 



IS THE 



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It is built for the largest growers and packing houses who require a large output each day. 

 The sizing is by diameter or cheek measurement, the most perfect way fruit should be sized. 

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The grading is done by elastic bands revolving crosswise of the belt that carries the fruit along 

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This season's crop is such that we have had to double our output to handle our orders, as we are 

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IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO., Hood River, Oregon 



WHEN WRITING ADVKRTISEKS MENTION UKTTKK FRUIT 



