108 FORESTRY [BoT. Absts., Vol. IX, 



knowledge of cellular organization obtained by direct dissection of living material with Cham- 

 ber's modification of the Barber apparatus. The material studied included plants from 

 most of the great groups, as well as protozoa and other animals. Plasma membranes differ- 

 ing in physical and probably chemical structure are found on all protoplasmic surfaces and 

 may be removed by direct dissection. The plasma membrane has a thickness of about ^s n. 

 Vacuolar and nuclear membranes may also be removed in the same manner. These mi- 

 crodissections are possible because of the immiscibility of protoplasm, using the term in its 

 broadest sense, with water — an immiscibility which is due to the colloidal nature of the living 

 substance as contrasted with the miscibility of water with protoplasm when the latter is dead 

 or near death. Since there is this immiscibility with water the absorption of water is con- 

 sidered an imbibition process. — Gilbert M. Smith. 



FOREST BOTANY AND FORESTRY 



Raphael Zon, Editor 

 J. H. HoFMANN, Assistant Editor 



(See also in this issue Entries 660, 671, 677, 678, 878, 955, 969, 983, 1092) 



702. Anonymous. Brandesporgsmaalet og Dansk Skovforenings Stilling dertil. [The 

 fuel situation and the position of the forestry association on this question.] Dansk Skovforen- 

 ings Tidsskr, 5: 265-286. 1920. — Reports and recommendations of the Danish Forestry 

 Association relative to utilization, prices, laws and regulations, administration, and standards 

 of measurement are presented. — /. A. Larsen. 



703. Anontmous. Die Waldverhaltnisse Griechenlands. [The forest conditions of 

 Greece.] Wiener Allg. Forst- u. Jagd Zeitg. 38: 310-311, 317,319. 1920.— In ancient Greece 

 the forests covered a large area; at present only about is of this area is forested, due to 

 clearing of the land for agriculture, fire, and grazing. This devastation began when a fanat- 

 ical Christianity destroyed first the sacred groves and later extended its work to the moun- 

 tain forests, which were regarded as haunts of pagan gods. — Oak, the most prominent genus 

 in ancient Greece, is still supreme, with 15 species recognized. Quercus conferta and Q. robur 

 are most frequent, but others are also widely scattered. Beech {Fagus silvatica) is second 

 in importance to the oaks, followed by chestnut (Castanea vesca). Other hardwoods play 

 minor roles, including 2 species of ehn {Ulmus campestris and U. effusa), 3 species of poplar 

 (Populus alba, P. nigra, and P. tremula), 6 of maple (Acer campestre being the most prominent, 

 followed by A. creticum, A. monspessulanum, A. platanoides, A. reginae amaliae, and A. 

 ric.inijoliuvi. Alder {Alnvs ghtfinosum) is found sparingly, as are also 2 ashes (Fraxinns 

 ornus and F. excelsior) and sycamore {Platanus urienlalis) . Seven species of willow are found 

 (Salix alba, S. caprea, S. cinerea, S. fragilis, S. incana, S. purpurea, S. triandra). Among 

 conifers the Apollo fir (Abies apollinis or A. parnassica) is most important, yielding timber 

 and a healing balsam. Amalia fir (Abies reginae amaliae or Arcadica) is also found, together 

 with A. panachaica and A. cephalonica. This last species has suffered much from destruc- 

 tive lumbering during the past century but still occupies an area of about 12,000 hectares in 

 the Aenos mountains. Pinus laricio, which goes by several popular names, is widely scattered 

 throughout the mountains of Greece, usually in mixture with fir; it is widely used in ship- 

 building. Pinus maritima is found near the coasts and on many islands and is frequently 

 tapped for its resin. A 3rd species of pine, Pinus pinea, is now rather rare. It is famous 

 for the flavor of the nuts. Juniperus oxycedrus and J. macrocarpa are found scattered through- 

 out the mountains of Attica, while ./. communis, J. druparea, J. nana, J. phoenica, and /. 

 turbinata are found only in the Peloponnesus and some of the islands. /. foetidissinia is the 

 only species forming pure stands. A general forest description of Mount Pentelicus is given. 

 The organization of Greek forest administration is briefly outlined. The field organization 

 fails to equal the "paper" organization and in general the work is not very well handled and 

 Greece is to be classed as backward in forestry although progress is being made. As a result 



