112 FORESTRY [BoT. Absts., Vol. IX, 



In forests of class A and B there should be a forester for every 600 to 5000 hectares, with an 

 assistant for every 600 to 1500 hectares; while in class C forests, forester for every 5000-10,000 

 hectares is sufficient. In class A and B forests the plans of management as proposed by owners 

 should be presented to District Foresters for approval, while in class C forests the government 

 will initiate the plans. In the latter associations of forest land owners are very necessary 

 to economical and easy administration. A full administration is outlined from State Forester 

 down through various grades, together with councils of different degrees of authority. The 

 distribution of costs of administration in different classes of forests and kinds of work is out- 

 lined. — F. S. Baker. 



719. Muus, F. Forsyndelser mod Skovnaturen ved vor Almindelige Skovdrift. [Sins 

 against nature in our present forestry practice.] Dansk Skovforenings Tidsskr. 6: 1-16. PI. 1. 

 1921. — The present way of managing the forests by even-aged stands and clear cutting 

 is detrimental to production because: (1) The soil is too much exposed to sun and wind, 

 thereby losing the natural vegetation, moisture, and loose texture of the soil; (2) the borders 

 of the forests suffer injury by exposure to sun and wind; (3) the openings incident to clear 

 cutting retard growth of the younger age classes; (4) in the older high forests too many trees 

 lack suitable light or space for ideal development; (5) the present practice places too much 

 emphasis on direct sunlight; the diffuse light, shelter, and increased moisture of the soil 

 secured by selection cuttings give better results. It is known that the 1st rotation after 

 clear cutting produces poorer, shorter trees than the 2nd rotation in a natural forest. The 

 author cites excellent results obtained by selection and shelterwood methods at Polenzka- 

 BSrenthoren in Germany, where since 18S4 this method has increased the yield of the forest 

 from 1.5 to 3.3 cubic meters per hectare per year, and raised the quality of the site from 

 IV to II. — J. A. Larsen. 



720. Muus, F. Meddelelse fra Handelsudvalget. [Report of the Department of Com- 

 merce.] Dansk Skovforenings Tidsskr. 5: 248-265. 1920. — Abstracts are presented dealing 

 with prices, amounts, and general market conditions for lumber and fuel woods. — J . A. Larsen, 



721. PoDHORSKT, J. Der Wald als Regulator des Abflusses und Standes der Gewasser. 

 [The forest as a regulator of the run-off of water.] Wiener Allg. Forst- u. Jagd Zeitg. 38: 267- 

 269. 1920. — The idea of control of torrential run-off by forests has been doubted lately in 

 some quarters. The author undertakes to point out the definite advantages of run-off control 

 through forests, by citing the work of the Swiss forest experiment station. The bulk of 

 the article is a review of this work from the report of Arnold Engler [see Bot. Absts. 9, 

 Entry 710].— F. S. Baker. 



722. Rafn, Johannes. Skovfroanalyser i Sasonen 1919-20. [Analyses of forest tree 

 seeds 1919-20.] Dansk Skovforenings Tidsskr. 6: 17-18. 1921. 



723. RiTTMEYER, Der Schutzwald. [The protection forest.] Wiener Allg. Forst- u. 

 Jagd Zeitg. 39: 23-24. 1921. — The legal definitions of protection forests are reviewed and in 

 all there is a clear intent to limit such forests to steep mountainous country where heavy 

 cutting would result in avalanches, snowslides, and destructive erosion. The author pro- 

 poses to extend the definition to cover all forest lands where reproduction is difficult, auto- 

 matically restricting cutting in these lands to the degree allowed in the usual protection forests 

 and thus assuring adequate reproduction. It is pointed out that many rocky, dry areas within 

 forests are becoming treeless under present methods of cutting and are reforested only with 

 extreme difficulty. — F. S. Baker. 



724. S., A. Valeur d'avenlr. [Future value.] Rev. Eaux et Forets 59: 71-72. 1921.— 

 In calculating the future value, as a basis for reparations, of trees destroyed by the Germans, 

 it is helpful to make use of Pressler's famous trinomial (a + b + c ), in which a represents 

 the per cent of current volume growth of the tree, 6 the per cent of increase in quality result- 

 ing from increase in size, and c the per cent of increase in value resulting from rising prices 



