196 FOBESTRY [BoT. Absts., Vol. IX, 



zeitg. 36: 165. 1921. — With this method of planting, losses due to the fungus Agaricus melleus 

 are very much more serious than with the method of planting in prepared spots. The latter 

 method also results in thriftier plants and more rapid height-growth, therefore is cheaper in 

 the long run even though the first cost is greater. Douglas fir is most resistant to the fungus, 

 followed by larch, white fir, pine, and spruce. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



1267. RuBNER. Die Spatfroste und die Verbreitungsgrenzen unserer Waldbaume. [Late 

 spring frosts and limits of distribution of forest trees.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 43: 41-49, 100- 

 114. 1921. — The distribution of tree species is governed, with few exceptions, by their climatic 

 and edaphic requirements and by their ability to compete with other species, depending on 

 their tolerance, rate of growth, and longevity. No one factor can be designated as the deci- 

 sive one, but, in the author's opinion, ability of a species to withstand late spring frosts is 

 frequently of more importance than most other factors. The relative frost-hardiness of differ- 

 ent trees depends upon the inherent hardiness of the species, upon the time when new growth 

 begins, upon the ability to put out new shoots in case the first ones are killed, and also upon 

 the form of the stand in which they occur. Topography is a very important factor because 

 with it varies the probability of frosts, the period of new growth of a given species, and the 

 amount of snowfall and its duration. Late frosts are the decisive factor governing both the 

 horizontal and vertical distribution of a number of native and introduced species of central 

 Europe. The distribution of Scotch pine, fir, spruce, birch, pedunculate and sessile oaks, ash, 

 lindens, hornbeam, maple, and others is discussed. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



1268. RuDEN, IvAR. Picea pungens. Dens anvendelighet i vort skogbruk. [Picea pun- 

 gens and its suitability for use in Norwegian forestry.] Tidsskr. Skogbr. 29: 39-47. 1921. — 

 The Colorado blue spruce plantations in Norway show promise that the species will help 

 solve the problem of extending the timberline northward and upward where native trees do 

 not thrive. It may also be used to advantage on the poorer wind-swept sites near the coast. 

 The plantations are now from 13 to 20 years old and are everywhere on precarious sites superior 

 to the other species. — J. A. Larsen. 



1269. S[CHtJPFER]. Die Nadelholzwalder der Welt und die Aussichten der Holzwarenin- 

 dustrie. [The coniferous forests of the world and the outlook for wood manufacturing indus- 

 tries.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 43 : 152-154. 1921. — Modern civilization, more than any previous 

 one, depends on timber supplies. Wood, and especially coniferous wood, has become one of 

 the great staple articles of world trade. Conifer forests are largely confined to the northern 

 hemisphere, and the greatest areas are in the Scandinavian region and in North America, the 

 great eastern white-pine forests of the latter being exhausted. The Canadian forests are 

 extensive but very poorly stocked, due to forest fires. The southern pine forests are enor- 

 mous, but are being cut very rapidly. Within a short period, British Columbia will be the 

 greatest center of the world's lumber industry, and the American Pacific coast will be the only 

 serious competitor of Finland and Sweden. Suggestions that Siberia will become an impor- 

 tant factor should not be taken seriously. Austria-Hungary is not a factor and much of Euro- 

 pean Russia's large forests are economically inaccessible. The conclusion is that the world's 

 supplies of economically exploitable softwoods are much more limited than has been generally 

 believed and that it is necessary not only^to exploit what remains but also to grow more. — 

 W. N. Sparhawk. 



1270. ScHUPFER. [Rev. of: Schwappach, Adam. Mitteilungen aus den forstlichen 

 Versuchswesen Preussens. Untersuchungen iiber die Zuwachsleistungen von Eichenhoch- 

 waldbestanden in Preussen. Zweiter Teil. (1906-1919). (Grov/th of oak stands in Prussia.) 

 J, Neumann: Neudamm, 1920.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 43: 192-194. 1921.— Schwappach's 

 oak yield tables of 1905 were based on single measurements of a large number of 

 sample plots of various ages, and therefore give only approximate values. Since then 

 the plots have been remeasured, and curves constructed on the basis of the actual 

 growth on them. The new height curves rise considerably above the old ones, but the basal 

 area and volume curves do not because, with the silvicultural methods best adapted to oak, 



