226 HORTICULTURE (BoT. Absts., Vol. IX, 



of spurs by pruning and by controlling the ni+rogen and water supplies. Using the percent- 

 age and rapidity of germination of pollen as a standard, the vitality of pollen was found to 

 increase either following a special pruning or the early use of quickly available nitrogen. 

 Less frost injury was found in the sod portion of 1 orchard than in the cultivated part. A 

 distinct relation was found between size of apple and number of contained well-developed 

 seeds. There was a tendency to poorer color of fruit on all nitrogen plots. The fruit also 

 matured somewhat later and was considerably larger in size. — E. C. Auchter. 



1405. Cox, U. T. The Rome Beauty apple in Ohio. Proc. Amer. Pomol. Soc. 35: 187- 

 189. 1917 [1919]. — The origin and early history of the Rome Beauty apple is recorded. The 

 first spraying tests in Ohio were made in the author's orchard in 1890. Nitrate of soda for 

 the trees and acid phosphate for the sod have proved beneficial ; potash has not been beneficial. 

 Several bud sports of the Rome Beauty have originated on the author's farm. — E. C. Auchter. 



140G. Cranefield, Frederic. Cherry culture in Wisconsin. Proc. Amer. Pomol. 

 Soc. 35: 122-12.5. 1917 [1919]. — Cherries have been growing in Wisconsin for at least 300 

 years. The first commercial cherry orchard was planted in Door County in 1893. There are 

 now approximately 5000 acres in this county alone. The sour cherry is grown almost exclu- 

 sively. The methods of cultivation, pruning, spraying, harvesting, packing, and marketing 

 as used in Wisconsin are described. — E. C. Auchter. 



1407. CuLLiNAN, F. P. Transpiration studies with the apple. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. 

 Sci. 17: 232-240. 1920 [1921].— In 1918 studies were made on 2 2-year old trees, one severely 

 pruned, the other unpruned. The transpiration data obtained indicated that the pruned 

 tree transpired relatively more water per unit area of leaf surface than the unpruned. Both 

 trees made exactly the same gain in growth during that season, yet the unpruned trees had 

 about 56 per cent greater leaf area than the pruned. Because of the greater leaf area it is 

 probable that the unpruned tree would actually transpire more water than the pruned tree, 

 yet the rate of transpiration per unit area of leaf surface was greater in the latter. — Other 

 studies were made with mature apple trees, and also with pepper plants [Capsicum] grown in 

 the greenhouse. The latter were grown under varying conditions of moisture, nitrogen, and 

 pruning. "The data in all cases show the very marked effect of the removal of small portions 

 of the stem and foliage in the reduction of the total leaf surface and the amount of dry matter 

 produced." It is concluded that "the mere passage of water through the plant has no 

 influence on assimilation activity, provided the water supply does not fall below a certain 

 minimum required to maintain the turgor of the cells." — E. C. Auchter. 



1408. CuNLiPFE, R. S. Propagation of some tropical fruits: cultivation of the pawpaw. 

 Agric. News [Barbados] 19: 246-247, 282-263. 1920. — Carica papaya presents many and varied 

 forms. The trees may vary from 8 feet high and 4 inches in diameter to 20 feet high and 2 

 feet in diameter. The fruits may be oval, roundish, pear-shaped, or oblong, weighing from 

 a few ounces to 25 pounds. When immature, the fruits are green; when ripe, of any shade 

 between green and purple, with much meat or little, many seeds or none. Sexually, the 

 differences are even greater, and on this basis some 12 or 13 forms have been recognized, some 

 of which may change over, under certain conditions, to the opposite sex. Some trees have 

 purely staminate flowers, others purely pistillate. Some bear hermaphrodite flowers, some 

 both staminate and pistillate flowers. Successful cultivation depends on reducing unproductive 

 male trees to a minimum, increasing the producing capacity of bearing trees, and improving 

 the fruits. Usually cultivated from seed, the first of the above objects is attained by a rigid 

 and continual selection of seed. This is continued because types are apt to break up, espe- 

 cially owing to sudden changes of environment. Another method of propagation which has 

 given some success is the grafting of scions of selected stock on young seedlings in very early 

 stages of development. The plants bear in about 12 months from seed. — J. S. Dash. 



1409. Daniel, Lucien. A propos des greffes de soleil sur Topinambour. [Concerning 

 the grafts of Topinambour sunflowers.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 172 : 610-612. 1921. — 



