No. 3, October, 1921] HORTICULTURE 229 



1419. Heinicke, a. J. The seed content and the position of the fruit as factors influencing 

 stippen in apples. Proc. Amcr. Soo. Ilort. Sci. 17: 22.5-232. 1920 [1021].— The author finds: 

 (1 ) That the early form of stippen, or bitter-pit, occurs more often on lateral fruits of a cluster 

 than on central ones; (2) that the disease is more prevalent on fruit of spurs near the basal 

 portions of the branches; (3) that fruits on branches making a vigorous growth are attacked 

 less; (4) that fruits with few seeds are more susceptible than those with many seeds; and (5) 

 that stippen seems to be associated with earlier maturity. The stippen appearing after the 

 fruit is harvested is more prevalent on many-seeded fruits. The author also noted that the 

 conditions which seemed to retard the development of the early form of stippen often were 

 associated with the presence of water core. It is concluded that "the bitter pit which appears 

 in the mature fruit that is still attached to the tree seems to be associated with conditions 

 favorable for incipient wilting, but unfavorable for an abundant, or even an adequate, supply 

 of nutrients. On the other hand, the form of stippen which does not become manifest until 

 the fruit is harvested, or generally several weeks later, seems to be associated with conditions 

 that favor an abundant or even an excessive supply of water and the other size-producing 

 nutrients." The author believes, however, that the so-called true bitter-pit is probably 

 due to the same causes which bring about the earlier appearing stippen. — //. W. Rickey. 



1420. HiGGiNs, J. Edgar. Report of the Horticultural Division. Hawaii Agric. Exp. 

 Sta. Rept. 1919: lG-40. PL 1-5. 1920. — Report of investigations conducted with Macadamia 

 nuts, avocados, mangoes, papaya (Sola variety), litchi, coffee, vanilla, pineapples, and 

 algaroba. — J. M. Westgate. 



1421. Howard, W. L. Use of dust sprays in California. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 

 17: 106-108. 1920 [1921]. — Dry sulphur has always been the standard remedy for mildew on 

 grapes. In no other instance has a dry spray proved to be of pratical importance in Cali- 

 fornia as a fungicide, and wet sprays are used almost exclusively for controlling diseases. — 

 Sulphur dust has been found very effective against red spider on almond, peach, and plum 

 trees. It is believed that the heat of the sun slowly volatilizes the sulphur and that these 

 slowly liberated fumes kill the mites. Lately a new dust spray, known as Nicodust, composed 

 of nicotine sulphate in 2, 5, and 10 per cent combinations with kaolin clay as a carrier, has 

 been giving success with certain insects. It was first used against leaf aphis on walnut, a 

 2 per cent dust proving successful. A 5 per cent Nicodust successfully controlled thrips on 

 prunes, pears, and nursery stock. This dust has not proved effective against red spider, 

 possibly because the liberation of the nicotine fumes is completed in about 3 hours, whereas 

 sulphur fumes are liberated more gradually, continuing for days. Because Nicodust kills 

 by the rapid liberation of nicotine fumes it is necessary, under California conditions, that the 

 dust be applied to the trees during the warm part of the day. — Arsenate of lead as a dust has 

 never been used, except in a very limited way, against svich insects as the codling moth ; where 

 employed it was not a success. The future development of dry sprays as insecticides seems 

 to lie in the direction of those that give off fumes rather than in the use of arsenicals. — 

 H. W. Rickey. 



1422. Jones, J. Report on the Agricultural Department, Dominica. Rept. Imp. Dept. 

 Agric. West Indies 1919-1920: 44. 1921. — Interesting plants in the gardens, and of which some 

 account is given, are. Baikiaea insignis, which during 5 months bore from 50 to 100 delicately 

 scented flowers which opened between 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon and faded the next 

 morning; B. Eminii, Amkerstianobilis, Pong ami a glabra, Deguelia microphylla, and Chenopo- 

 dium amhrosioides L. (Mexican tea). — From certain notes on the nurseries it appears that soils 

 are greatly exhausted by the constant growing of lime seedlings, and a simple method of main- 

 taining fertility has been evolved. The beds are 4| to 5 feet wide, separated by paths 3 to 3§ 

 in width. After the beds are planted, accumulations of weeds, grass, and leaves are placed 

 in the paths, the latter having considerable half-rotted matter by the time the seedlings are 

 removed. The beds for the next crop of seedlings occupy the positions of the former paths. 

 This practice keeps up the fertility of the beds indefinitely so long as suflBcient humus is sup- 

 plied. — Among the economic plants, Momordica cockin-ckinensis flowered and was hand- 



