No. 3, October, 1921] MORPHOLOGY, ETC., VASC. PLANTS 237 



1475. Christie, A. W. Some observations in the dehydration of apricots, peaches, and 

 grapes. Monthly Bull. Dept. Agric. California 10: 94-95. 1921.— The formation of "air 

 zones" in the tunnel causes lack of uniformity in drying. This can be avoided by increasing 

 the speed of air flow through the tunnel. Screen trays are inadvisable because of the corro- 

 sive action of sulphur fumes on the metal. — E. L. Overholser. 



1476. Cole, W. R. Extension work in horticultural manufactures in Massachusetts. Proc. 

 Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 17: 95-9S. 1920 [1921]. 



1477. Cruess, W. V. Observations in the evaporation of pears, prunes and figs. Monthly 

 Bull. Dept. Agric. California 10: 8S-93. 1921. — Locality is a factor in the suitability of pears 

 for evaporation only in so far as it causes a difference in the sugar content of the fruit. The 

 fruit of highest sugar content yields dried products best in color, texture, and flavor. The 

 control of temperature and relative humidity is important, especially in the case of pears. 

 There is no noticeable difference in the yield of dried product from sun drying and evaporation. 

 — E. L. Overholser. 



1478. Davies, S. M. Loss of citric acid in limes and lime juice. Agric. News [Barbados] 

 20: 75. 1921. — The author made tests with sets of 50 limes of various degrees of ripeness to 

 determine the loss of citric acid in rotten fruit. The limes were hand-pressed, the juice of 

 each set measured and acidity determined. Calculated in terms of citric acid per barrel, the 

 results were as follows: Ripe yellow limes, 5.3 pounds, yellow green limes 4.9, overripe limes 

 4.6, green limes 4.4, and mushy rotten limes 1.7. To determine the losses of citric acid on 

 storing lime juice, 200 pounds, fresh from the mill and stored in a half tub to a depth of 11-12 

 inches, were allowed to stand under cover; the scum was not disturbed except in lifting the tub 

 on and off a scale at frequent intervals. After 19 days the juice had lost 16 pounds by evapor- 

 ation and the acid was reduced from 12.1 to 11.3 ounces equivalent to 10.4 ounces of the original 

 volume. This represents a loss of 1.7 ounces of citric acid per gallon, or 14 per cent of the origi- 

 nal acid content. The scum showed a thick layer of Saccharomyces mycoderma, — an active 

 reducer of citric acid, — accompanied by a considerable growth of bacteria. — J . S. Dash. 



1479. Jones, B. J. A successful co-operative evaporating plant. Monthly Bull. Dept. 

 Agric. California 10: 82-85. 1921. — Certain details in pre-treatment of fruit for dehydration 

 to secure attractive products are mentioned, as, for instance, a certain amount of peeling is 

 essential to prevent the "curling" of the fruit. — E. L. Overholser. 



1480. SwETT, F. T. Relation of fruit by-products to horticulture. Monthly Bull. Dept. 

 Agric. California 10: 66-70. 1921. — The author reviews the field of possibilities of fruit pro- 

 ducts in California, and lays stress on the economic importance of solving the several problems 

 confronting the farmer and manufacturer of to-day. — E. L. Overholser. 



MORPHOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND HISTOLOGY OF VASCULAR 



PLANTS 



E. W. SiNNOTT, Editor 

 (See also in this issue Entries 1133, 1181, 1208, 1256, 1258, 1331, 1385, 1386, 1414, 1552) 



14S1. Anonymous. A plant that feeds on animals. Sci. Amer. Monthly 3: 218. Fig. 

 1-3. 1921. — A description is given of the mechanism of the bladders of Utricularia vulgaris. — 

 Chas. H. Otis. 



1482. BouYGUES, H. Considerations surl'endoderme. [Considerations on the endodermis.] 

 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 172: 332-335. 1921. — Petioles, rhizomes, stems, and leaf veins 

 were studied. The author concludes that the endodermis cannot be considered as a constant 

 anatomical feature delimiting the cortex from the fibro-vascular system. — C. H. Farr. 



BOTAXICAL ABSTRACTS, VOL. tX, NO. 3 



