70 THE MONTHLY BULLETIN. 



Federal Horticultural Board, for observation, and the expenditure of 

 money by California in cooperation with the Hawaiian Board of Agri- 

 culture and Forestry in clean cultural work in Honolulu, are evidences 

 of the genuineness of the danger that threatens. Furthermore, the 

 frequent interception at San Francisco and Los Angeles, by the state 

 and federal quarantine officials, of the larva? or maggots of this pest in 

 ships' stores and in the personal baggage of tourists on board ships 

 arriving from Hawaii, as shown by the published reports of Mr. Fred- 

 erick Maskew, of the Quarantine Division and of the Federal Horticul- 

 tural Board, demonstrates the necessity for vigilant inspection at Cali- 

 fornia ports of entry in carrying out and supplementing the quarantines 

 of the federal government. 



California fruit growers and students who have visited the Hawaiian 

 Islands have seen the fruit fly working under conditions most ideal for 

 destructiveness. On the other hand, Prof. H. J. Quayle, who investi- 

 gated the fruit fly conditions about the regions of the Mediterranean 

 for the Federal Horticultural Board, and the writer, who has visited 

 the fruit growing regions of Spain, have observed the fly working under 

 conditions much less favorable, and in many ways quite comparable to 

 conditions found in certain places in California. While it is certain 

 that the Mediterranean fruit fly will not find in California the ideal 

 conditions for rapid increase and destructiveness that exist in littoral 

 Hawaii, due to a more unfavorable climate and a less abundant array 

 of wild or nonedible host fruits, it will become a serious pest. Aside 

 from the actual damage that it may be able to inflict upon the fruit of 

 California, its establishment in the orchards of the Pacific Coast will 

 be a signal for the erection of " quarantine barriers by the Southern 

 States against California fresh fruits subject to attack," and the damage 

 thus brought about will be great. There will also be a partial loss of 

 that prestige now enjoyed by California fruits when it becomes known 

 that any peach, apple, orange or avocado exposed upon the hotel table, 

 or in the market may contain decay and maggots even though out- 

 wardly beautiful. 



So insidious is the nature of attack, and so numerous the avenues by 

 which the fruit fly may be transported, the Federal Bureau of Ento- 

 mology undertook in 1912 an investigation of fruit flies in Hawaii, the 

 object of which, as pointed out by Dr. L. 0. Howard in an address 

 before the members of the University Club in Honolulu during 1915, 

 was to safeguard the fruit and vegetable interests of California and 

 the Southern States, as well as to accumulate data that would be service- 

 able in directing control should establishment in California occur. 

 These investigations, inaugurated by Mr. C. L. Marlatt, assistant chief 

 of the bureau and chairman of the Federal Horticultural Board, after 

 a personal survey of Hawaiian conditions during August and Septem- 

 ber, 1912, have been conducted under his supervision by the writer, 

 C. E. Pemberton, H. F. Willard and a varying number of inspectors. 



HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN INFESTATION. 



It is interesting that within about seven years after Compere's first 

 warning to California, the Mediterranean fruit fly succeeded in bridging 

 the distance between Australia and Hawaii. Although first discovered 

 in Honolulu in June, 1910, it was probably introduced sometime during 

 1907. In 1910 the fly was known to occur only about Honolulu, but, 



