No. 1, February, 1921] FORESTRY 15 



116. Eberhard, Julius. Die Technik der Naturverjiingung. einst und jetzt. Eine 

 forstgeschichtliche Studie. [The technique of natural reproduction formerly and now.] Forst- 

 wiss. Centralbl. 42:161-183, 204-226. 1920.— The author describes the development of 

 silvicultural systems, beginning with the primitive irregular selection cutting. Hundes- 

 HAGEx developed the shelterwood system (Dunkelschlagbetrieb) with preliminary seed 

 cuttings, with later cuttings to give light for the seedlings, and with final removal cuttings 

 after the young growth is well established and able to thrive in the open. Natural repro- 

 duction was relied on almost entirely, being considered cheaper and more satisfactory than 

 artificial restocking. After Hundeshagen, silviculturists gradually abandoned the idea of 

 natural restocking, and adopted clear cutting with planting. Gayer and H. Mayer de- 

 scribed methods similar to those of Hundeshagen, except that they provided for less frequent 

 but much heavier early fellings, which resulted in less satisfactory reproduction and in more 

 loss from windfall. Borggreve's method was more like Hundeshagen's, but delayed the 

 later cuttings longer. Gayer described a group selection cutting (Femelschlagbetrieb) in 

 some respects similar to the shelterwood system, but much less satisfactory. Engler 

 advised a combination of group selection and shelterwood, especially for mixed stands con- 

 taining tolerant and less tolerant species. Gayer also developed a strip shelterwood sys- 

 tem, resulting in a stand with regular age-gradations in parallel strips. Wagner's selection 

 strip or selection border cutting (Blendersaumschlag) provides for reproduction of tolerant 

 species under the stand by making thinnings or selection cuttings, then for clearing strips 

 so that the intolerant species can reproduce. Mayr described a system which he consid- 

 ered applicable to most of the irregular forests of the world, especially those containing many 

 species, including the forests of the tropics. He provided for reproducing a tolerant under- 

 story at about the middle of the rotation, followed by occasional thinnings of the over-story 

 to prevent natural losses, and fairly heavy seed cuttings at the end of the rotation, just before 

 or just after the seed falls. The old stand is then to be removed in one or two fellings, within 

 5 or 6 years. Kubelka, in his selection-strip system (Femelstreifenbetrieb) gets reproduction 

 by opening holes in alternate strips, and gradually enlarging them. Kalitsch's Barenthorn 

 system and the author's wedge shelterwood system (formerly called Abrucksaumschlag, 

 more recently Schirmkeilschlag) are very similar in providing for very frequent — annual 

 if possible — cuttings through the stand, which do not break the canopy. The last method is 

 particularly distinguished by the form of removal cuttings, which are developed in wedge 

 form, beginning in the middle of the stand, so that logging will not injure established repro- 

 duction. In the author's opinion, the present German silvicultural practice (which has also 

 been carried to Russia by foresters trained in German schools) is far behind that at the begin- 

 ning of the 19th century. The prevailing forest form has changed during the last 200 years 

 from a straight selection forest to extensive pure even-aged forests produced artificially. 

 It is now returning gradually to a modified selection form, very much more intensively culti- 

 vated than formerly, with mixed stands and natural reproduction. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



117. Endres. [Rev. of: Redslob, Kurt, and Heinrich Horns chu. Das neue Thiir- 

 ingen. Heft 5, Aufgaben der Thiiringer Forstwirtschaft. [Problems of Thuringian forestry.] 

 Erfurt, 1919.] Forstwiss. Centralbl 42: 194-195. 1920.— The new State of Thuringia (Thur- 

 ingen) comprises the former states: Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe- 

 Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Reuss (both). It has 403,000 

 hectares of forest, divided into: crown forest, 13 per cent; state forest, 37 per cent; communal 

 forest, 13.9 per cent; institutional forest, 1.3 per cent; cooperative forest, 4.5 per cent; pri- 

 vate forest, 30.3 per cent. It is proposed that large private holdings, under management 

 of technically trained foresters, be subject to state supervision, and that smaller tracts be 

 acquired by the public (state or communes). Endres does not believe that this proposal 

 will appeal to the peasants. He considers too optimistic the hopes of the author for great 

 increase of returns through chemical utilization of forest by-products. Noteworthy is the 

 proposed organization of forest research, with about six main branches, all manned exclu- 

 sively by trained foresters. These are to have parallel units set aside in the field, for prac- 



