No. 1, February, 1921] FORESTRY 21 



of product and closer utilization of the soil, since all of the lanes but one will be allowed to 

 regenerate. The revenue derived would be pro-rated according to the area held by each 

 member of the association or ownership, and the yield would be increased five or six times. 

 Statistics show that the average yield from small holdings is 2 cubic meters of wood per year 

 per ha, while on state forests, it amounts to 4^Q cubic meters. In North Germany, the 

 formation of forest associations by direct state aid is desirable to secure reforestation on the 

 large plains; in South Germany it is desirable in order to prevent the damage resulting from 

 parcelling of woodlands into small tracts; and in the mountains in order to introduce uniform 

 and efficient methods of logging. The demands of the time call for utmost utilization of the 

 soil.—/. Roeser. 



153. WiLBRAND. Eichenhochwald. [Oak high forest.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 42: 183- 

 189. 1920. — Oak is one of the most valuable and necessary woods, and is in great demand, 

 especially in large sizes. It should always be grown to produce large-sized material, and the 

 smaller sizes wanted can be obtained as by-products, from thinnings. For short rotations 

 spruce, pine, and beech are more profitable. Oak grows slowly, and needs plenty of light. 

 It should always be grown in pure stand (during the first part of the rotation) ; and best results 

 follow clear cutting of small areas, with planting, and cultivation of garden crops for two 

 years between the rows. After the stems have made their height-growth and the crowns 

 have begun to form, thinnings should commence, and should follow every 4 or 5 years, so 

 as to keep the crowns of the reserves always free and prevent dying off of even the lower 

 branches. This will prevent dead knots. Beech can be under-planted when the boles have 

 reached their full height, after the crowns have started to spread. This method will result 

 in the maximum possible clear bole, in regularly spaced annual rings, which is an advantage 

 for many purposes, and in reasonably fast growth. — W. N. Spar hawk. 



154. Zeller, S. IM. Hvmiidity in relation to moisture imbibition by wood and to spore 

 germination on wood. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 7:51-74. PI. 1, 5 Jig. 1920. — See Bot. 

 Absts. 7, Entry 400. 



155. ZiMMER, W. J. The need of softwood introduction. Australian Forest. Jour. 3: 

 184-185. 1920. — A brief discussion of the demand for softwoods, and an argument for more 

 extensive planting of pines. In a list of trees reported to be growing in the State Nursery 

 at Macedon, Victoria, many of which measure up to 108 feet in height and a stem girth of 

 more than 9 feet, ten North American conifers are noted. — C. F. Korstian. 



156. ZoN, Raphael. Forests and human progress. Geog. Rev. 10: 139-166. 1920.— The 

 author recognizes three stages in the development of man's relation to the earth's forested 

 areas from prehistoric times until the present. These stages are designated: (1) Civilization 

 dominated by forests, (2) civilization overcoming the forests, and (3) civilizati n dominating 

 forests. While forming a natural sequence, it is pointed out that the stages made unequal 

 progress in different parts of the earth. For illustration. Central Africa and South America 

 are now in the first stage; a considerable part of North America and Asia are in the second; 

 but in Europe and parts of the United States the third stage is reached. The first stage deals 

 with prehistoric and early historic man. It is traced through indirect means, as the migra- 

 tion of races, the configuration of ancient forests, and from folk lore, myth, and the vestiges 

 of primitive religions. The second stage denotes man's progress in the production and use 

 of tools of an advanced and eflficient type, and shows an increasing pressure for tillable land. 

 This stage lies for the most part within the historic period, although place names in certain 

 parts of Europe are excellent indirect evidence of the progress of early clearings and forest 

 settlements. The third stage shows civilization triumphant over its ancient enemy, and 

 brings the story down to modern times. It deals with current movements and the immediate 

 past. — E. R. Hodson. 



