70 MOEPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF FUNGI, ETC. [Box. Absts., Vol. VIII, 



472. Wakefield, E. M. Galactiniaamethystina (Phill.) Wakef. Trans. British Mycol. 

 Soc. 6: 375. 1920. — This is the plant formerly called Galactinia Phillipsii (Cke.) Boud., or, 

 still earlier, Ascobolus amethystinus Phill. — W. B. McDougall. 



473. Wakefield, E. M. The Painswick Foray. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 6: 299-302. 

 1920. — The Spring Foray, which was held at Painswick, Gloucestershire, from May 21 to May 

 25, 1920, is described and a complete list of the fungi collected, numbering about 125 species, 

 is given. — W. B. McDougall. 



474. Wakefield, E. M., and A. A. Pearson. Records of Surrey resupinate Hymeno- 

 mycetes. Trans. British Mycol. Soc. 6: 317-321. 6 fig. 1920. — Sixteen species are listed, 

 in most cases with descriptive notes. — W. B. McDougall. 



475. Wiltshire, S. P. The production of conidia in pure cultures by the brown rot fungus 

 of the apple. Ann. Rept. Agric. and Hort. Res. Sta. Univ. Bristol 1919:34-36. 1919.— 

 Attempts to secure abundant production of conidia by Sclerotinia fructigena in pure culture are 

 reported. Varieties of apples supposed to develop upon inoculation brown rot and abundant 

 conidia, instead of black rot and no conidia, failed to do so. — The best medium found for 

 production of conidia is sliced potato soaked in 7.5 per cent malic acid. Plum wood extract 

 with 1 per cent malic acid also gives excellent production of conidia. — D. Reddick. 



476. York, H. H. Late seasonal production of aecia of Cronartium ribicola. Phytopath. 

 10: 111. 1920. — Freshly matured aecia were found on Pinus strobus, on Sept. 16, 1919. — 

 D. Reddick. 



LICHENS 



477. Church, A. H. The lichen symbiosis. Jour. Botany 58: 213-219, 262-267. 1920.— 

 The generally accepted teaching is that lichens consist of a fungus and an alga living very 

 closely together in symbiotic relationship, the whole forming a "consortium." The difficulty 

 of convincing a student that in lichens any symbiotic relation exists is noted. To determine 

 whether mutual benefit occurs in all cases is diflBcult; also the consortium is ill-defined, espe- 

 cially in cases of symbiosis of fungi with filamentous algae and higher plants where there 

 is a complete gradation to purely parasitic conditions. The fungi are always normal asco- 

 mycetes or basidiomycetes, and have not been modified by the association. It is the vege- 

 tative part or thallus that has been so remarkably modified by the cohabitation. The impor- 

 tant factor is dual control. Simple cohabitation is not the sole factor in the consortium. 

 Dual control is a biological futility like a house divided against itself, and, hence, doomed to 

 rapid extinction. The alga gains little if anything from the association with the fungus. 

 The views held by Sachs, West, Schenk, and Goebel are discussed, it being noted that 

 much in their statements is deductive rather than inductive. The relation of the whole 

 question of the evolution of dorsi-ventral organs, or even axial structure, through the enor- 

 mously long period of emergence from the phytobenthon of the sea is noted. Yet there is 

 something about lichens, neither fungus nor alga, but a form factor, which produces a soma 

 readily distinguished by the collector, and the cause of which must be found and explained. 

 There is nothing in symbiosis to show why Cladonia should have a centric habit SbudPai-melia 

 a dorsiventral habit in the same environment. Any effect of symbiosis in this matter is 

 doubted, and the relation of lichen form to alga form is pointed out. Reinke held that the 

 similarity of form in distinct phyla as in lichens and algae was due to the effect of similar 

 conditions; but the conditions surrounding sea-weeds and lichens are not similar. The ques- 

 tion is raised whether lichens, or rather the fungus part of lichens, do not actually inherit 

 their form from algae. Lichens would thus represent a deteriorating race of algae arrested 

 in deterioration by the intrusion of algal units of a lower degree. — K. M. Wiegand. 



478. Lynge, B. Index specierum et varietatum Lichenum quae collectonibus "Lichenes 

 exsiccati" distributae sunt. (Forts.) [Index of species and varieties of Lichenes which were 

 distributed in the collections of "Lichenes exsiccati." (Continued.)] Nyt. Mag. Natur- 

 videnskab. 56:385-464. 1919. 



