No. 2, June, 1921] GENETICS 155 



1078. Gasser, G. W. Report of the work at Rampart Station. Rept. Alaska Agric. Exp. 

 Sta. 1917: 34-57. PL 3, 4- 1919. — Results are given of field tests of varieties, crosses, and 

 pure-line strains of farm and horticultural crops. — [See Bot. Absts. 7, Entry 26.] — Fred 

 Griff ee. 



1079. Gleason, H. a. [Rev. of: Gager, C. Stuart. Heredity and evolution in plants. 

 14 X 20 cm., XX + 265 p., 113 fig. P. Blakiston's Sons & Co.: Philadelphia, 1920 (see Bot. 

 Absts. 6, Entry 1672).] Torreya 21: 14-16. Jan.-Feb., 1921. 



1080. GoLDSCHMiDT, RiCHARD. Untefsuchungen zur Entwicklungsphysiologie des Fliigcl- 

 musters der Schmetterlinge. I. Mitteilung. Einige Vorstudien. [Investigations of the physi- 

 ology of the development of the color pattern of the wings in butterflies. I. Some preliminary 

 studies.] Arch. Entwicklungsmech. 47: 1-24. 12 fig. 1920. — This investigation is inci- 

 dental to author's main work concerning heredity in Lepidoptera. Species used are: Samia 

 cecropia, Telea polyphemus, Hyperchirio to, Callosamia promethea, and Anisota stigma. In- 

 vestigations were conducted in the Osborn Zoological Laboratory, Yale University, in 1914-18. 

 — The author points out that blood sinuses develop about tracheae and precede formation of 

 veins. These are centers of chemical processes making for color. Pattern is independent of 

 origin of color and complete before color sets in. Main plan of pattern is due to differential 

 growth of wing surfaces following quickly after development of veins and scales, visible first 

 as irregularities of wing surface, indentations, folds, pits, corners, etc., into which later 

 color is, as it were, poured in. Characteristics of folds, depressions, etc., are due to rigidity 

 of veins, pressure of body upon growing wing, folds in wing membrane in pupal case, etc. — 

 Author suggests various collateral subjects for investigation. — Isabel McCracken. 



1081. GoLDSCHMiDT, RiCHARD. Intcrsexualitat und Gesschlechtsbestlmmung. [Inter- 

 sexuality and sex-determination.] Biol. Centralbl. 39:498-512. 1919. — Chief results of an 

 investigation regarding intersexuality and sex-determination are set forth pending publica- 

 tion of a complete account of the work. The results are founded upon breeding 75,000 indi- 

 viduals of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., involving several varieties. [See next fol- 

 lowing entry.] — Isabel McCracken. 



1082. GOLDSCHMIDT, RiCHARD. Untcrsuchungen iiber Intcrsexualitat. [Investigations 

 on intersexuality.] Zeitschr. Indukt. Abstamm. u. Vererb. 23: 1-199. 2 pi., 84 fig. 1920. — 

 Results are given from rearing about 75,000 individuals of different races of gypsy moth, 

 which are named according to locality: 5 from Germany, 1 from South Europe, 10 from Japan, 

 1 from Massachusetts. Normal sexes differ in wings (form and color), antennae, abdomen 

 (shape, size, hairiness), gonads, external genitalia, and instincts (flying, mating). Egg 

 plasma or Y chromosome bears a factor, F, for female characters which is inherited unchanged 

 in maternal line and is balanced against factor M for male characters, which is carried by X 

 chromosome. In pure stock of different races FMm is normal female and FMM is normal 

 male, for F is stronger than 1 dose of M and weaker than 2 doses in determining type of de- 

 velopment. F and M differ in strength in different races as shown by crosses. In develop- 

 ment of a "genetic" male, MM from weak race may be weaker than F from strong race. The 

 latter will predominate after a certain "turning point" in development of a particular struc- 

 ture, which from that point on develops as in male. Similarly a "genetic" female, F (weak) 

 M (strong) m, may have "turning point" after which she develops as male. The greater the 

 difference in "strength" of parental races, the earlier this "turning point," and the higher 

 the grade of intersexuality. Last organs to develop in the embryology are the first to be 

 affected. Organs which have a homologue in the other sex develop up to "turning point" 

 as in "genetic" sex and then may dedifferentiate and continue as in the opposite sex. Strong 

 chitinization hinders dedifferentiation. Other organs develop abnormally after "turning 

 point." Instincts become intersexual. Color is determined very late in pupal stage and 

 hence, in "chief type" of female intersexuality, except in those of very low grade, intersexes 

 resemble males. "Gifu type" of female intersexuality and male intersexuality are alike in 

 being streaked with color of opposite sex in greater or less amount according to grade. 



