76 FORESTRY [Bot. Absts. 



519. Brush, W. D. Utilization of elm [Ulmus]. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 683. 48 p., 4 

 pi., 8 fig. July 29, 1918. — Although limited in the amount of its stand, elm is an important 

 wood for bent work and for uses in which it is subject to shock or impact and rough use in 

 general. There are five species which produce the supply of elm wood in the United States: 

 White elm (Ulmus americana), slippery elm (U. fulva), cork elm (U. racemosa), wing elm 

 (U. alata), and cedar elm (17. crassifolia) . The mechanical properties, the wood structure, 

 location of supplies, and sizes attained are discussed for the different species. Cork or rock 

 elm is considerably stronger than the other species. It is estimated that about 75 per cent of 

 the total stand of elm, which is estimated at 7,500,000,000 feet, is white elm, half of which is 

 located in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The present lumber cut of elm, 240,000,000 

 board feet, places it twentieth in rank among all woods and tenth among hardwoods in point 

 of lumber.production. The lumber cuthas decreased considerably.in the last 10 years as shown 

 by tables. Practically all the elm cut, except that cut for fuel, goes to factories to be used in 

 the manufacture of various products. The leading industries consuming it, in order of amount 

 used, are slack cooperage (39.6 per cent) boxes, baskets and crates (18.1 per cent), vehicles and 

 vehicle parts (8.7 per cent), chairs and chair stock, woodenware and dairymen's and poulter- 

 ers' supplies, musical instruments, refrigerators and kitchen cabinets, furniture, agricultural 

 instruments and trunks and valises. Grading rules, lumber prices, the value of standing 

 timber, and marketing of elm timber are all discussed and a classified list of uses of elm in 

 different wood-using industries is given. — W. D. Sterrett. 



520. Bryant, R. C. The war and the lumber industry. Jour. Forestry 17 : 125-134. 1919. 

 — The war developed the fact that the lumber industry of the United States was not sufficiently 

 elastic or resourceful to meet the demands made upon it, necessitating aid of all kinds. The 

 lack of public spirit on the part of the lumbermen and their narrow point of view were remark- 

 able and were overcome temporarily through the office of a lumber director. As a whole, 

 lumbermen do not grasp their relationship to the public and forestry has apparently not 

 gained recognition on private lands. A more complete study of lumber economics is urged. 

 — E. N. Munns. 



521. Butterwick, A. J. S. The use of Atlas preservative to kill trees. Indian Forester 

 45:22-25. Jan., 1919. — Twenty tests were carried out on the use of the preservative upon 

 various Indian woods, using only trees with very little or no heartwood, as these are the most 

 difficult to kill by girdling. The trees were deeply girdled and the antiseptic was painted 

 over the exposed wood. No results were noted; the treatment was applied in July and the 

 trees retained their normal green foliage and sprouted. Trees were also treated with the 

 preservative by injection, holes being bored several inches deep, into which the poison liquid 

 was introduced. The results were variable and led to the conclusion that these methods were 

 not advisable in practice. — E. N. Munns. 



522. Cabrera, Teodoro. Tortas para hacer carbon. [Fuel bricks.] Revist. Agric. 

 Com. yTrab. 2: 173. 1919. — It was found that the fruit of the tree, Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

 Griseb., which grows very commonly along the roads, makes an excellent adhesive to form 

 bricks or bits of carbon. — F. M. Blodgett. 



523. Carpenter, Ford A. Convectional clouds induced by forest fires. Monthly Weather 

 Rev. 47: 143-144. 1 pi. 1919. — Forest fires in southern California are frequently responsible 

 for the formation of clouds, but none of these are known to have produced rain. — E. N. Munns. 



524. Chase, Agnes. Some causes of confusion in plant names. Jour. Forestry 17:159- 

 162. 1919— See Bot. Absts. 3, Entry 1808. 



525. Clark, F. G. Appraisal of fire damage to immature timber for statistical purposes. 

 Jour. Forestry 17:36-38. 1919. — A formula is proposed for use in general studieB of fire- 

 damage over large areas. The general formula for replacement is modified (1) by reducing the 

 .cost of planting by a percentage represented by the proportion of artificial to natural reproduc- 



