84 FORESTRY [Bot. Absts. 



pines most used are, Pinus radiata (insignis) and P. muricata, of which the latter is the most 

 valuable, as it retains its lower branches longer. Black wattle (Acacia decurrens) is recom- 

 mended for certain localities. Where a high shelter is required with narrow limits, Lom- 

 bardy poplar is regarded most suitable, especially when in combination with Elaeagnus 

 japonica. North American species recommended are Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana), 

 redwood (Sequoia semper vir ens), Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa), and Lawson's 

 cypress (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) , particularly the latter onaccountof its hardiness, wind 

 resistance, low branching habit and rapid growth. A number of other species are described, 

 and methods of treatment and spacing. — E. R. Hodson. 



578. Toumey, J. W. The relation of gray birch to the regeneration of white pine. Jour. 

 Forestry 17: 15-20. 1919. — Studies on plots of birch and pine in New Hampshire show that 

 pure stands of birch (Betula populifolia) do not cause the death of white pine (Pinus strobus), 

 though the rate of height growth of the white pine falls off rapidly with the increase in den- 

 sity of the birch stand. In general, the rate of height growth of the pine varies directly with 

 the density of the stand of the birch, due more to root competition than to light relationships. 

 Stands of birch can be planted without cutting of the pine until the birch can be utilized, or 

 until the growth of the pine is measurably decreased. — E. N . Munns. 



579. Totjmet, J. W. [Rev. of: Sampson, A. W. Effect of grazing upon aspen reproduc- 

 tion. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 741. 29 p. 1919.] Jour. Forestry 17: 564-567. 1919— The 

 duty of the forester is to care for forest reproduction and to grow successful crops of timber 

 on forest land. Uncontrolled and unregulated grazing on such land has no place, but some 

 grazing may be permitted. — E. N. Munns. 



580. Totjmet, J. W. [Rev. of: Sampson, A. W. Climate and plant growth in certain 

 vegetative associations. U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull. 700. 1918.] Jour. Forestry 17 : 59-62. 1919. 



581. Turner, E. Phillips. Reclamation of sand-dunes. New Zealand Jour. Agric. 18: 

 148. 1919. — It is pointed out that the reclamation operations should begin at the source of 

 the sand-drift (in case of coastal dunes this is high water mark), and that trees should not be 

 planted until (1) a protective littoral dune has been raised, or (2) a belt along the coast has 

 been planted to Marram brass (Ammophila arenaria). The French method of building a lit- 

 toral dune by means of sand-catching fences is described and directions are given for planting 

 marram. Tree planting is done only on the landward side, with the following species for New 

 Zealand conditions: Pinus radiata (insignis), Cupressus macrocarpa, Pinus muricata, P. 

 thunderbergii and P. densiflora. In order to secure hardy stock a local nursery is advised. 

 When a protective coastal belt has been established by means of marram and trees, the re- 

 mainder may be reclaimed by a less expensive method, though the use of tree-lupins followed 

 by prairie grass, clovers, trefoils, danthonia, microlaena and cocksfoot. — E. R. Hodson. 



582. Van Dissel, E. D. Treatment of the dunes in Holland. New Zealand Jour. Agric. 

 18: 150. 1919.— It is stated that the area of the dunes in Holland is 92,625 acres or about 1.15 

 per cent of the entire area. The method of fixation by planting marram grass (Ammophila 

 arenaria) is described and the advantages of more permanent reclamation by means of afforest- 

 ation are pointed out. Afforestation on the dunes of Schoorl, by the state, dates from 1865. 

 In the early trials Pinus laricio var. austriaca, P. montana, P. silveslris, P. maritima and 

 Picea excelsa were used. The first three species gave excellent results but Pinus silvestris 

 succeeded only in sheltered places, while Picea excelsa and especially Pinus maritima were 

 not successful. In 1893 new trials were made at the same place, in which Picea alba (used by 

 Denmark and Jutland) was chiefly used, but it proves unsuited for afforesting the Dutch 

 dunes. Subsequent work has been done with the successful species of the early trials, to 

 which has been added Pinus laricio corsicana. Pinus montana is well suited to exposed 

 sites, as it withstands violent winds and quickly covers the soil. Broad-leaved trees are 

 used to some extent in the moist, sheltered places; alder and oak have given the best success. 

 Difficulties encountered besides winds are included under damage by insects, fungi, fire and 

 higher animals. The planting-stock used in this work should be raised in nurseries situated 

 near or on the dunes. — E. R. Hodson. 



