June, 1920] ECOLOGY 283 



The content and distribution of these four associations arc discussed, cacli island I <« ■ i n^ con- 

 sidered separately. Constant reference is made to the notes of Lansing's survey made in 

 1904 with a view to pointing out changes in the general flora of the region which have occurred 

 in the twelve intervening years, and possible reasons for such changes arc suggested. — P. 1>. 

 Strausbaugh. 



1919. Braun-Blanquet, Josias. Eine pflanzengeographische Excursion durchs Unter- 

 engadin und in dem schweizerischen National park. [A phytogeographic excursion through the 

 Lower Engadine and in the Swiss National Park.] Her. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 20. 79 p., 1 

 map. March, 1918. — An account of a series of ecological excursions conducted under the 

 auspices of the Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft through portions of eastern 

 Switzerland in early August, 1910. The vegetation encountered is described in detail from 

 the standpoint of climatic, physiographic and edaphic relations. An ecological classification, 

 and complete list of the plants are given for each separate region in which studies were made. 

 — P. D. Strausbaugh. 



1950. Brockmann-Jerosch, H. Das Lauben und sein Einfluss auf die Vegetation der 

 Schweiz. [Leaf-stripping and its influence on the vegetation of Switzerland.] Jahresber. 

 Geogr. Ethnogr. Ges. Zurich. 20 p., 4 fig. May, 1918. — In central Europe there are many 

 districts such as the Val Onsernone in which the leaves and twigs of trees are used to provide 

 food for the cattle, sheep, goats and even hogs during the winter season. The foliage and 

 young twigs are cut, dried and stored during the summer, and also the fallen leaves may be 

 gathered. Elm, ash, oak, linden and white fir furnish the greater part of this sort of "fodder," 

 although juniper needles and the leaves of fruit trees are also used. This practice is a relict 

 of a much more widely spread custom that prevailed in earlier times. It has left its impress 

 upon the character of the vegetation in the peculiar forms of the trees as a result of the peri- 

 odical removal of the younger parts, and also in the distribution of the trees as largely 

 determined by man's protection, selection and planting. In places the practice has been 

 almost completely abandoned and hay has been substituted for tree foliage as food. This 

 change has led to the building up of rich meadows through the application of artificial fertil- 

 izers, and accounts for the origin and existence of such meadows in central Europe. Natur- 

 ally, such grassland areas would pass directly into forest formation but owing to the dense 

 stand of the grasses and the annual cutting with scythes, the invading tree species are en- 

 tirely suppressed. — P. D. Strausbaug. 



1951. Church, A. H. Weighing moorings. Jour. Botany 57: 35-37. 1919. — The inse- 

 curity of sand, gravel and rock fragments as an anchorage for maritime algae is pointed out, 

 as influenced bj- the lifting force of the specific gravity of the water especially under wave 

 action, and also by the lifting force of the bladder-bearing seaweeds. When insecure, the 

 moorings may be weighed, and the whole drift out to sea, or in shore. Germinating zoospores 

 of Enteromorpha, each attached to a particle of sand, may be floated off by the incoming 

 tide, each supported by its bubble of oxygen. Calpomenia sinuosa. a Mediterranean Phaeo- 

 sporean, appeared in the Gulf of Morbihan in 1900, attached to oysters. The thallus, filled 

 with photosynthetic gas bubbles, acted as a float, floating the oysters out to sea; and was 

 thus a menace to the oyster industry. The amount of sea weed thrown on the shore is prob- 

 ably only a small part of' that floated out to sea and lost. Experiments by Mb. Spence on the 

 lifting of stones by Laminarias are outlined, and the residts stated; also the lifting power of 

 a giant Macrocyslis is speculated upon. — K. M. Wiegand. 



1952. Cowles, Henry C. Starved Rock State Park and its environs. Part III. Botany. 

 Bull. Geog. Soc. Chicago 6: 129-148. S fig. 1918.— The flora of the State Park is discussed 

 under four separate heads: (1) the oak forest uplands; (2) the canyons; (3) the river bluffs; 

 and (4) the bottom lands. The oak forest is confined to the upland margins and consists 

 principally of Quercus alba and Q. rubra. Q. macrocarpa is the dominant oak of the margin 

 next to the prairie, and Q. velutina occupies the drier places. Owing to excessive pasturing. 



