June, 1920] HORTICULTURE 351 



2367. Sheward, T. Growing and pruning berry fruits, (lard. Chron. Amer. 23:304. 

 1 fig. 1919. 



2368. Shbwabd, T. How varieties of fruit and flowers are originated. Gard. Chron. 

 Amer. 23: 118. 1 fig. 1919.— See Bot . Absts. 3, Entry 2197. 



2369. Sheward, T. How to thin fruit. Gard. Chron. Amer. 23: 199. / fig. 1919. 



2370. Sheward, T. Summer pruning of trained fruit trees. Gard. Chron. Amer. 23 : 240. 

 1 fig. 1919. 



2371. Smith, Arthur. Planting fruit trees in the garden. Gard. Chron. Amer. 23: 

 84-86. 4 fig. 1919. 



2372. Soulier-Valbert, F. The coconut world. Tropical Life 15:55. 1919.— The 

 author claims the great consumption of margarine has made the coco-nut palm the most im- 

 portant food producer in the fruit kingdom. The cost of putting out a plantation of 50,000 

 trees is estimated $125,000. At the beginning of the seventh year the revenue will amount 

 to 3 shillings per tree or 20 to 25 per cent on the investment. — //. N. Vinall. 



2373. Surr, Gordon. Yields of Washington navel oranges in relation to pruning. Cali- 

 fornia Citrograph 4: 290, 325. 1919.— In the case of 28-year old orange trees, not in thrifty 

 condition a series of experiments lasting several years showed a greater production from 

 lightly pruned than from heavily pruned trees. — J. E. Coit. 



2374. Thomas, E. E. Frozen lemons and oranges for by-products. California Citro- 

 graph 4: 78, 81, 104. 1 fig. 1919. — An extensive investigation of the changes taking place in 

 frozen citrus fruits. Sound and badly frozen oranges and lemons were picked every 4 days 

 following a freeze, for a period of 2| months, and were weighed and analyzed. These were 

 compared with sound and frozen fruit picked immediately after the freeze and stored. Freez- 

 ing kills the protoplasm changing the semi-permeable membrane to a dead porous mass, thus 

 allowing the water of the juice to evaporate through the rind. Hence frozen fruit decreases 

 in specific gravity. Tables are given showing results of the investigation. The actual 

 sugars, in grams per frozen orange, decreased (probably from fermentation) from 6.5 grams to 

 less than 2 grams. Acid also decreases in frozen fruit. Badly frozen fruit should be picked 

 at once and sent to by-products factory. To determine the amount of injury; fruit should be 

 picked and stored in a warm room. The sound fruit will increase in specifi" gravity by dry- 

 ing out of the rind and loss of volume with little loss of pulp juices. On the other hand frozen 

 fruit decreases rapidly in specific gravity as the pulp juices are lost by permeating and evap- 

 orating through the rind. In from 4 to 6 days under these conditions the specific gravity test 

 will reveal the extent of the damage. — /. E. Coil. 



2375. Tuero, F. Lopez. Vainilla. (Vanilla.] Informacion Agric. [Madrid] 9:79-82, 

 101-104, 123-127. 1919. — An extensive compilation covering a description of the various 

 organs of the plant, floral structure, botanical classification, and history of the cultivation 

 of the plant from the time it was first carried to France in 1793. Cultivation methods are con- 

 sidered and in particular the making of nurseries, methods of providing shade, and the proper 

 way to prune. The very vital matter of artificial hand pollination is described. Finally 

 there is discussed the picking of the beans, the various ways of curing them both natural 

 and artificial, and the system of grading the final product. The estimated expenses and yield 

 per hectare are outlined as well as a brief account of the composition of the vanilla bean. — 

 John A. Stevenson. 



2376. Wallschlaeger, F. O. Citrus production in the United States and competing 

 countries. California Citrograph 4: 150, 172. 1919. — The United States leads in the pro- 

 duction of citrus fruits, a normal crop being about 80,000 carloads. Spain comes next, with 

 68,000; and Italy, with 58,000 carloads. The author discusses imports and exports by the 



BOTANICAL ABSTRACTS, VOL. Ill, NO. 6 



