No. 1, July, 1920] ECOLOGY, PLANT GEOGRAPHY 39 



problem of "illegitimacy."] Flora 11 12: 162 L93. I pi 8 fig. 1918.— The pollen of the 

 small and middle-sized stamens is stunted. The stamens themselves may be regarded, riot 

 as adaptations, liu! as structures whose growth L8 stunted through in- ii Hi- a hi aere>-> to water 

 and foodst nil's, the vascular bundles being notably reduced in compari OH with those of the 

 long stamens. The stigma papillae, however, are much the same in the pistils of different 

 lengths, though it has generally been thought of berwise. The phenomena of st tinted gnra th 

 in heterostyled flowers has much in common with stunting in cleistogamous flowers, though in 

 the one ease ii favors cross pollination, and in the other, close pollination. Thus then 

 not an adaptaton of pollen grains to particular stigmas. Self-sterility would seem to rest 

 on factors of chemical nature. See also rev. bv Rk.wkk in Zcitschr. Bot. 10: 7<i7 70S. 1918. 

 — //. C. Cowles. 



268. Turchi.vi, Jean. Role de l'heterocyste des Nostocees. [Role of the heterocyst of 

 the Nostocaceae]. Rev. Gem Bot. 30:273-282. PI. 19. 1918.— See Bot. Absts. 1, Entry 

 1321. 



269. Tureson, Gote. Om langvaga vaxttranport genomfoglar. [Distant transportation of 

 plants by means of birds.] [Swedish.] Bot. Notiser 1918:248. 1918. — As examples of 

 plants transported long distances by birds are given Carex festiva and Fragaria chilensis, 

 carried from Alaska to the Sandwich Islands. A similar case is noted in the hepatic Lepidozia 

 sandvicensis, found in the same two territories. It is uncertain to which of the two it is really 

 indigenous. — P. A. Rydberg. 



270. vox Kirchnter, O. Die Bestaiibungseinrichtung von Isnardia palustris L. und 

 ihrer Verwandten. [The mechanism for pollination of Isnardia palustris L. and related genera.] 

 Flora 11-12: 317-326. 6 jig. 1918.— During the summer of 1917, in the botanical gardens of 

 Munich, the author made careful studies of floral structure and pollination in Isnardia palus- 

 tris, and also in some species of the closely related genus Ludwigia. In the flowers of the former 

 he finds complete absence of petals, abundant nectar secretion, and the occurrence of self- 

 pollination which takes place cleistogamously before the opening of the calyx. From a com- 

 parison of these facts with those obtained from his studies of various species of Ludwigia, 

 especially Ludwigia repens, the author concludes that the first step in the gradual develop- 

 ment of cleistogamy proper in Isnardia palustris is regular autogamy, and the second, the 

 degeneration of the corolla. — P. D. Strausbaugh. 



271. Waterman, W. G. Development of root systems under dune conditions. Bot. Gaz. 

 68: 22-53. 17 Jig. July, 1919. — The study is made in the neighborhood of Crystal Lake, Benzie 

 County, Michigan. After a presentation of the synecology of the region, the author notes 

 that little study has been made of the extension of root systems, or of the reasons therefor. 

 On account of its relative uniformity dune sand is regarded as particularly well-suited for 

 such a study. Striking differences in root reactions are found in species of the same habitat, 

 even in such a pioneer habitat as the foredune; for example Ammophila has great root exten- 

 sion in pure dune sand, whereas Prunus pumila has similar extension only where the roots 

 come in contact with organic matter. Such reactions are specific and hereditary, and are of 

 much importance in the determination of species for dune planting. Chemical influences are 

 probably more important than moisture, oxygen, or soil penetrability in the causation of asym- 

 metry in root development. The frequent lengthening and thickening of roots at the expense 

 of shoots, where the roots come into favorable relation with organic matter, calls into question 

 the value of the common method of estimating plant growth by measuring the length and 

 weight of roots. — H. C. Cowles. 



272. Weaver, J. E. The quadrat method of teaching ecology. Plant World 21: 267-2S3. 

 Fig. 1-7. 1918— See Bot. Absts. 4, Entry 165. 



273. Yoshii, Y. [Rev. of: Hayden, Ada. The ecologic subterranean anatomy of some 

 plants of a prairie province in central Iowa. Amer. Jour. Bot. 6: 87-105. 14 pi. 1919. See 

 Bot. Absts. 2, Entry 745; 4, Entry 227.)] Bot. Mag. Tokyo 33: 111-112. 1919. 



