68 FORESTRY [Bot. Absts., Vol. IV, 



rot was favored by removal of the beech from the spruce stands, and that pole-stands now 

 heavily infested were formerly healthy stands of spruce. He says the rot was always present, 

 but not noticed until wood prices became high, and besides there is as much beech in the mix- 

 ture as there ever was, or even more. Figures show more rot on sites where beech or other 

 hardwood species are present, than in pure spruce stands. Statistics of rot per cent in con- 

 ifers cut during 6 years (1912-1917) show a gradual decrease in per cent of rot from 14.4 in 

 1912 to 10.6 in 1917, due probably to the institution in 1908 of a system of thinnings which 

 take out old defective trees as well as young trees. Then too, the practice of bringing the 

 wood out to roadsides in winter eliminates, much of the root injury which formerly occurred. 

 In general, per cent of rot increases with decrease in soil-moisture; the average for "hard" 

 soils was 12.7 per cent, and for "soft" soils 7.1 per cent. Contrary to Sauer's assertion, boggy 

 sites are not especially liable to infection, nor do the figures show rot to be any worse in the 

 first rotation on reforested land which had been used for agriculture. Spruce roots develop 

 very differently on "soft" and on "hard" soils. On moors, the root mass is barely 20 cm. thick 

 and covers 30 square meters or more, with numerous root masses at the periphery, called 

 "paws" (Tiitzen) by wood-choppers. These are not due to the presence of beech, since they 

 are common where there is no beech, but are caused by soil conditions. Neither is the dying 

 off of the older roots of spruce retarded by the presence of beech. Whether Trametes is at 

 all responsible is a question. As far as known, the fungus never directly kills a spruce, even 

 though it may have been infected for many years. Red rot probably seldom attacks per- 

 fectly healthy trees, but may get in through root injuries caused by wind-stresses, hoofs of 

 cattle, and especially by hauling out logs during the growing season. Red rot causes loss, 

 not by killing the tree or retarding growth, but because of the degrading of the infected wood. 

 In 1917, out of a total cut of about 10,500 cubic meters, 1120 was more or less rotten and sold 

 for less than half of what it would have brought if sound. It will hardly be wise to try to 

 check rot by introducing beech in spruce stands until certain that that will help, because to 

 do so will involve heavy thinnings and a considerably lower yield per acre. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



452. Miyoshi, Manabu. tiber der Erhaltung einer neuen wildwachsenden hangenden 

 Varietat des Kastanienbaumes als Naturdenkmal. [Concerning a new wild chestnut with weep- 

 ing branches and its preservation as a natural monument.] Bot. Mag. Tokyo 33: 185-1S8. 

 1 photo. Sept., 1919. — Describes a new variety of chestnut with weeping branches (Castanea 

 sativa Mill. var. pendula nov. var.) growing in two localities in the province of Shinano, Japan. 

 Seedlings derived from the older trees show same habit, from which author infers this is a 

 heritable character. The older trees are more than a century old and 3.5 meters in circum- 

 ference. It is proposed to preserve these two groves as national monuments. — L. L. Burlin- 

 game. 



453. MCller, D. Die Eiche als Mischholz der Buche 1m preuszischen Soiling. [Oak in 

 mixture with beech in Prussian Soiling.] Zeitschr. Forst- u. Jagdw. 51: 301-307. 1919. — A 

 discussion regarding the advantages and disadvantages of growing beech in mixture with oak. 

 It is necessary to keep oak as an upper story otherwise it will become suppressed by the 

 beech. The mixture succeeds best on warm, sunny sites. On north and east exposures, where 

 beech thrives best, it is difficult to keep the oak in the lead. Different methods of regenera- 

 tion are described with examples of results obtained. It is found, for instance, that the 

 sudden removal of a beech understory is apt to cause the development of adventitious buds 

 and sprouts on the oak — also stagheadedness. Since it is important to keep the oak as an up- 

 per story it is sometimes practical to plant oak seedlings before beech has seeded up an area 

 by natural regeneration. Experience shows however that this method can only be attempted 

 after other vegetation has sprung up in luxuriant form so as to hide the planted oak from deer 

 and other animals, which are otherwise sure to cause severe damage. The use of diiTerent 

 species or varities of oak in mixture with beech is discussed. — Hermann Krauch. 



454. Nelson, J. C. Deam's trees of Indiana. [Rev. of: Deam, Chas. C. The trees of 

 Indiana. State Bd. Forest. Indiana Bull. 30. 290 p. Mar., 1919.] Rhodora 21: 1SS-191. 

 1919. — An extensive review of the paper cited. — James P. Poole. 



