No. 1, July, 1920] FORESTRY 71 



for example, all trees, regardless of height, falling in the "form class" 0.66 taper off as fol- 

 lows: at points 10, 20, :{(), U), 50, etc., per cent of the length of the stem above breast-height, 

 the stem diameters are 94, 88, 81, 73,65, etc., percent, respectively, of the diameter at breast- 

 height. The "form class series" varies for different species, due primarily to differences in 

 the development of the crown and consequent dilTerences in the resultant strain produced on 

 the trunk by the wind. For the same species, however, t be "form class scries" is pracl icallv 

 constant over a w ide range of conditions. Thus, having determined t lie poinl on I be bole at 

 which the various inch diameters fall in average trees of given diameter and height, graphs can 

 be prepared showing the average taper and volume of the trees in any stand where the average 

 heights of the various diameter classes are known. — G. A. P< arson. 



462. Rupp, G. Tabak-Ersatzmittel. [Tobacco substitutes.] Zeitschr. Untersuch. Nah- 

 rungs-u. Genussmittel 37: 370-377. 1919— See Bot. Absts. 4, Entry 121. 



4G3. Sammereyer, H. Waldschutz. [Forest protection.] Oesterreich. Forst- u. Jagd- 

 zeitg. 1924:302. Nov., 1919.— Under conditions following the war the necessity of forest 

 protection in Austria has become acute. The author proposes a popular association (Volker 

 bund) composed of all classes of society including urban as well as rural representatives to 

 secure recognition of the necessity of forest conservation and protection. — F, S. Baker, 



464. Scalione, C. C, and D. R. Merrill. The tannin content of redwood. Jour. In- 

 dust. Eng. Chem. 11:643-644. 1919. — Heartwood of redwood contains 12.2 per cent of tan- 

 nin with the A. L. C. A. hide powder method. Sapwood and bark contain very little tannin. — 

 Henry Schmitz. 



465. Schrage. Aus dem Leben verkannter Tiere. [On the life and habits of misunder- 

 stood animals.] Zeitschr. Forst- u. Jagdw. 51:190-201. 1919.— Article deals with the life 

 history of the mole. It was long believed that the mole was a beneficial animal in that he was 

 supposed to eat the grub of the May beetle which is so destructive to forest tree seedlings. 

 Accordingly the mole was introduced in regions where the beetle was doing much damage. 

 But no beneficial results were obtained. — Investigations were therefore conducted to deter- 

 mine if the mole really did eat beetle grubs. Feeding experiments conducted on captured 

 moles proved that they do not eat the grubs but subsist rather on angle worms. The moles 

 refused to eat grubs even when almost starved. To protect the mole because he is supposed 

 to be an aid to the forester and farmer is therefore a false opinion. — Hermann Krauch. 



466. Schroder. Bodenpflege durch Reisigdeckung. [Soil maintenance by means of 

 scattering brush.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 34: 162-163. 1919.— Removal of leaf-litter under 

 stands of hardwood species (beech oak, ash), either by erosion, by wind, or otherwise, results 

 in a hardening of the surface soil (especially on heavy soils) which is usually soon covered with 

 a matted vegetation of Polytrichum or other moss. These conditions seriously affect the 

 growth of the forest. To hold the leaf -litter in place, the smaller branches resulting from 

 logging operations were scattered over the ground. Examination 6 years later showed a heavy 

 cover of leaves, no moss, and surface soil free from crust, in sharp contrast to nearby areas not 

 so treated. — W. N. Sparhawk. 



467. Schwappach, A. Neure Untersuchungen iiber den Wachstumsgang der Scwarzerlen- 

 Bestande. [New investigations concerning the growth and yield of black alder.] Zeitschr. 

 Forst-u. Jadgw. 51 : 184-190. 1919.— A detailed citation, (with tables) of the changes in yield 

 from the period 1902 to 1918. — Hermann Krauch. 



468. Schwappach. [Rev. of: Denkschrift, betreffend die Hedung und Sicherung der 

 forstlichen Rohproduction in Oesterreich nach dem Kriege. [Memoir on increasing and assur- 

 ing the forest production in Austria after the war.] Zentralbl. Gesamte Forstw. 1918:236.] 

 Forst. Rundschau 20: 9-12. 1919.— Summary of 15 points presented to the Minister of Agri- 

 culture (Austria) by the directors of the Austrian Forest Association, covering recommen- 



