142 HORTICULTURE [Bot. Absts., Vol. IV, 



to stimulate new growth on which would be formed new spurs that would be larger and more 

 vigorous. For fruits other than the apple, with the exception of the cherry, which seems to 

 need little pruning, renewal pruning is recommended. — F. P. Cullinan. 



90S. Chandler, W. H. The effect of cold winter of 1917-18 on the fruit industry. Trans. 

 Indiana Hortic. Soc. 1918: 91-103. 1 pi. 1919.— The freezing injury of the winter of 1917-18 

 was the worst in the history of American apple growing. In apples and pears, the sapwood 

 and sometimes the bark of the spurs were killed, and in all fruits, the twigs were killed. There 

 was much killing of the sapwood in the larger branches. In New York, the Rhode Island 

 Greening variety suffered most injury in the spurs and twigs, the Ben Davis in the sapwood 

 of the branches. The bark was often killed where the wood was not well ripened, especially 

 near the base of the tree, or in the crotches. Crotch injury was common in young pear and 

 apple trees. Some varieties such as Northern Spy and Fameuse show crotch injury where 

 twigs and spurs are not injured. Crotch injury is slower to heal and more serious than killed 

 twigs, spurs, or sapwood on the branches or trunk. Often in pears, and apples also, the 

 bark is killed and the cambium remains alive. — The peach is most susceptible to freezing in- 

 jury and while twigs, small and large branches, and trunk are all equally liable to injury, the 

 peach tree shows remarkable ability to recover. No peach buds survived the winter. Recov- 

 ery is facilitated by the addition of two to four pounds of nitrate of soda to the soil. Old 

 trees are more liable to die than young trees, and trees that bore a heavy crop in 1917 showed 

 less ability to recover. In New York, apricots proved more hardy than peaches, the wood 

 being largely uninjured and many buds surviving. Sweet cherries did not appear to be as 

 seriously injured as peaches but did not exhiblit the ability to recover and by fall were in 

 as bad condition as peach trees in some sections. — 25°F. kills cherry buds. Quince trees suf- 

 fered from the killing of portions of the 1917 twigs. Few pear trees were killed entirely and 

 while considerable injury to spurs, twigs, trunk, and crotches was suffered, pear trees showed 

 marked ability to recover. Tender and hardy varieties are listed. — In New York, the most 

 tender apple varieties were the Baldwin, Tompkins King, and Rhode Island Greening. 

 Mcintosh and Oldenburg were most resistant. The short summer of 1917 prevented wood 

 from going into the winter in a well ripened condition. Premature defoliation, severe prun- 

 ing, and a heavy yield predisposed to winter injury. Nitrate of soda is preferable to manure 

 as a fertilizer as it is more quickly available and less prolonged in its effect, thus causing an 

 early foliage development and early maturity of the wood. Weak trees of bearing age, es- 

 pecially among pears, are apt to start a very undesirable late season cambial growth. As to 

 treatment, dead branches may be pruned at any time, but weakened branches should be left 

 until after the following summer's growth. — In the subsequent discussion, the point is made 

 that in the freezing the water comes out of the cells and forms ice around them. Killing 

 does not take place until ice formation occurs. The question of cultivation of injured peach 

 orchards and of varietal susceptibility among peaches is also discussed. — Max W. Gardner. 



909. Chevalier, A. Le Coffea excelsa et sa culture. [Coffea excelsa and its culture.] 

 Bull. Agric. Inst. Sci. Saigon 1: 13-19. 1919. 



910. Chevalier, A. Les cultures frutieres en Indochine. [Fruits cultivated in Indo- 

 China.] Bull. Agric. Inst. Sci. Saigon 1:97-111. 1919. 



911. Chevalier, A. Le pommier a cidre des hauts plateaux de l'Indochine. [The cider 

 apple of the high plateaus of Indo-china.] Bull. Agric. Inst.Sci. Saigon 1: 142-150. 1919. 



912. Coit, J. E. Automatic disbudding of citrus. California Citrograph 5:37. Fig. 1. 

 1919. — Attention is called to the fact that citrus trees do not produce terminal buds; that 

 upon the cessation of growth of a shoot the growing tip is abscissed; and that the presence 

 of these dead tips in the trees is normal and not a symptom of disease as has been represented 

 by some. — J. E. Coit. 



913. Cowan, James. Crop production in the northern sandhills. Nebraska Agric. Exp. 

 . Bull. 171. 8 p. 1919.— See Bot. Absts. 4, Entrv 52. 



