1857.] The Mamifacture of Paper. 93 



useless. He employed these and the worn out leather tops of car- 

 riages, and all the scraps which had been used for other purposes. 

 The cuttings were cleansed from all impurities, pulverized in a jjaper 

 engine, and were formed into paper by the usual mode. It is al- 

 leged that a good quality of paper was produced, and, by varying 

 the quantities and coloring, it presented an article of the desired 

 hue. But the paper thus made was intended for wrapping or pack- 

 ing paper — an object for which it was specially suited. 



A Mr. Campbell obtained a patent in England in 1790 for a 

 process of bleaching paper materials. It was used, but not exten- 

 sively, by the manufacturers. It was a combination of acids, and 

 was expensive — the latter feature causing its condemnation. 



In Italy, it is stated, that the straws of the hemp afforded a paper 

 equal to the finest manufactured in Holland; and Fondi, an Italian 

 author, claimed to be the first inventor for producing it from this 

 substance; but he was anticipated by Schaeffer. The year 1800 

 is noted for the production of several books, the paper of which was 

 manufactured from straw, and which referred to the progress of pa- 

 per-making among the ancients. 



In the same year (1800,) Matthias Koops, in England, invented 

 a process for the refabrication of written and printed paper ; and in 

 the year 1801, he discovered a method of extracting inks from paper. 

 He also obtained a patent for manufacturing paper from wood, straw, 

 hay, hemp, flax, thistles, and other vegetables. He printed a book 

 on these fabrics, which contains much information relative thereto, 

 and with the exception of Schaepfer's collection in his book, is the 

 most complete and perfect. He is alleged to have been the first person 

 to produce useful paper from straw; and notwithstanding the repeat- 

 ed failures prior to his discoveries, he asserted that paper could 

 be made from any vegetable substance. In extracting ink from pa- 

 per, he used caustic alkali, prepared of lime and potash. After dis- 

 charging the ink, he bleached the pulp by means of the oxygenated 

 marine acid ; it was then manufactured by the usual method. 



In the year 1799, a Dr. Willick experimented with raw vegetable 

 materials, in company with a celebrated paper-maker of London, 

 and they claimed priority of invention over the patents above des- 

 cribed, and stated that the inventions of that time, which were al- 

 alleged to have been made, were surreptitiously obtained. Much 

 dispute ensued, and no one was awarded the honor. 



