Page 8 



BETTER FRUIT 



Photo Oreeon Experiment Station 

 Figure 2 — (A) Two-year-old canker showing opened spore pustules. IB) Pustules 

 enlarged five times. iCl Young Spitzenlniig inoeulaled v. itli the fungus. 

 Note wound of check puncture at top of figure. 



and of variable sizes, ranging from one 

 inch to eight or ten inches in length. 

 At first these cankers are watery, dry- 

 ing as summer approaches, eventually 

 becoming sunken areas mottled by a 

 series of differently colored concentric 

 rings. The spread of the fungus ceases 

 as soon as the cambium becomes active 

 in the spring. Mature cankers have a 

 definite, limiting crack separating them 

 from healthy tissue. There is usually 

 a definite ridge surrounding the canker 

 caused by the slight formation of cal- 

 lous tissues at the edge under the dis- 

 eased bark. The bark is dry, sunken 

 and dead, being darker in color than 

 the living bark surrounding. Thickly 

 scattered over the surface of the canker 

 are little elevations. These are at first 

 more or less conical in shape, later 

 bursting the outer layer of bark 

 (Figure 1), exposing a creamy-colored 

 mass of fungous tissue. These are the 

 fruiting structures of the fungus in 

 ■which spores are produced in great 



numbers. As time passes there is a 

 gradual shredding of the diseased bark 

 in the cankers. This tissue eventually 

 falls away, leaving a large open wound. 

 These are gradually healed over 

 through the extension of surrounding 

 healthy tissue, the accomplishment of 

 which usually rccjuires several years. 



In view of the fact that spore dis- 

 semination occurs during the fall a 

 spray applied at this season of the year 

 will be found effective in controlling 

 the disease. Bordeaux mixture used at 

 the rate of six pounds of lime, six 

 pounds of bluestone to fifty gallons of 

 water, immediately following harvest- 

 ing of the fruit will keep the disease 

 well under control, provided the spray- 

 ing is practiced regularly and thor- 

 oughly. 



Often orchards are permitted to be- 

 come somewhat badly infected with the 

 disease before its presence becomes 

 known to the owner. In the case of 

 such a condition it is advisable to apply 



Noi'cuihcr 



some sort of a protective covering 

 before the fruit is harvested in order 

 that a spray may be pi-escnt before the 

 occurrence of early rains and before 

 it is possible to apply the regular fall 

 application. The greatest drawback in 

 using a sjiray just i)efore harvest time 

 is that of giving tlie fruit an unsightly 

 covering of spray just before picking. 

 This, in the case of a home-made bor- 

 deaux application, necessitates the 

 wiping of a good ilea! of fruit before 

 it can be packed. Again, the applica- 

 tion of this bordeaux spray on red 

 apples has been found to mottle them 

 considerably owing to the fact that they 

 fail to color under the spots of spray. 

 The writer has been trying out some 

 different materials recently in order 

 that these two chief difficulties may be 

 overcome. Of the difl'erent materials 

 tried Burgundy mixture has given the 

 most promise. The fruit was found to 

 be in just as good shaije where this 



Photo Oregon Experiment St.ilion 

 FicvBE 3 — Anthracnose rot on fruit of apple. 



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SSArlllsrASHLAND.OHIO. 



WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 



