19 1 9 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page 31 



better bearing condition with summer 

 pruning, but our pruning is very differ- 

 ent from that, as we removed relatively 

 small amounis of wood. The pruning 

 was generally done in June and con- 

 sisted of pruning back the terminals. 

 In such prunnig we did not remove 

 large quantities of stored food, whereas 

 most people experimenting with sum- 

 mer pruning have removed large 

 amounts of both foliage and wood, 

 which always seems to have a tendency 

 to decrease fruitfulness and vegetative 

 growth. With Jonathans and Wageners 

 and varieties which form fruit buds on 

 one-year-old wood, the value of light 

 summer pruning versus winter pruning 

 can be easily illustrated. If we cut 

 back in winter the one-year-old wood 

 severely, we are removing a large por- 

 tion of the crop. Such trees can often 

 be allowed to go unpruned for a year 

 or two at a time, but when pruning is 

 done, a lighter heading back in early 

 June will still have a large portion of 

 the crop and give desirable framework 

 for future crops. Summer pruning can 

 also be of value in thinning trees 

 which are excessively dense. This must 

 be done carefully, however, so that one 

 does not remove too much wood con- 

 taining stored food which will form 

 buds and spurs, in order to allow a 



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certain amount of light to enter the 

 tree. The loss of stored food may not 

 compensate for the increased amount 

 of light. 



Le us see in what way we can apply 

 these general principles of pruning. 

 With our young trees from three to 

 five years of age, the great value of 

 pruning seems to be largely to deter- 

 mine the type of growth and its general 

 direction. As the tree enters the transi- 

 tion period from five to ten years of 

 age, we should allow it to accumulate 

 the carbohydrates and discourage an 

 excessive amount of growth rich in 

 nitrates. We do this by not stimulating 

 the trees through tillage and similar 

 practices and by avoiding removing 

 large amounts of wood rich in carbo- 

 hydrates. As our trees become mature 



and begin to bear heavy crops, we have 

 a condition such as is shown in the 

 third statement as quoted from Kraus 

 and Kraybill. Everything goes nicely 

 for awhile, but gradually as the trees 

 get older the proportion of the carbo- 

 hydrates in relation to the nitrate 

 begins to increase and the nitrates 

 begin to decrease. The trees cease to 

 make vegetative growth. After a while 

 the foliage gets yellow and thin. There 

 is still an abundance of spurs, buds and 

 flowers, but an unsatisfactory amount 

 of fruit, and very soon we have the 

 conditions which is stated in No. 4 by 

 Krause and Kraybill. These trees will 

 have to have more pruning and a differ- 

 ent soil treatment if they are to be 

 made productive. 

 In conclusion I would urge modera- 



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