ipi6 



How the Apple Forms Its Buds 



[From Fruit-Bud Development of the Apple, 

 by F. C. Bradford.] 



UNDER normal conditions the Yel- 

 low Newtown forms its fruit- 

 buds on two or three-year-old wood. 

 Under favorable conditions a bud pro- 

 duced in the axil of a leaf on wood of 

 the current year will produce next 

 year a short spur, with whorled leaves, 

 and in the following year this spur will 

 bear fruit. Normally the spur, having 

 born fruit, will form a fruit-bud during 

 the succeeding year, which may be ex- 

 pected to bear again the following year. 

 These apparently normal conditions are 

 often changed, however. A spur may 

 bear fruit two years in succession and 

 the terminal or sometimes axillary 

 buds produced one year may bear fruit 

 the following year. The Newtown is 

 not one of the varieties that regidarly 

 form axillary fruit-buds on new wood 

 and nothing in relation to the time of 

 forming such buds was definitely 

 learned. 



Terminal fruit-buds on one-year-old 

 wood are formed more or less in all 

 varieties and are numerous enough in 

 some to be considered normal. This 

 condition was so widespread in the 

 Oregon Agricultural College orchards 

 in 1914 that it was observed on all vari- 

 eties except one or two. It is very com- 

 mon in Yellow Newtowns, especially 

 on young trees, their entire first crop 

 resulting from such buds. On older 

 trees, this formation of fruit-buds 

 seems to be an expression of super- 

 abundance, that is, it is when a tree 

 is forming fruit-buds in great abun- 

 dance that many will be found as ter- 

 minals of one-year-old wood. If the 

 number of buds being formed is small, 

 there will be practically none at all 

 on the one-year-old wood. The reduc- 

 tion in numbers is so great that it does 

 not seem to be a mere shrinkage of 

 numbers, but an actual shifting of pro- 

 portions. 



The actual time of visible differentia- 

 tion into fruit-buds of this class of 

 Newtowns is somewhat behind that 

 taken as normal. On buds taken 

 August 11, 1912, the terminals were 

 considerably less advanced than the 

 normal buds at this time. Yet, by Sep- 

 tember 16, when other material was 

 taken these buds seemed to be fully as 

 far advanced as the normal. It is well 

 known that the terminal clusters open 

 earlier in the spring than the others. 



The earlier stages of buds on two or 

 Ihree-year-old wood, which are form- 

 ing fruit-buds for the first time, are 

 similar to those on spurs bearing fruit 

 during the current year. Differentia- 

 tion into fruit-buds begins at the same 

 time and continues well throughout 

 the sunuTier. The condition of the aver- 

 age bud of this class is the same as that 

 of the buds of olders spurs, which have 

 born in jirevious years. The fact that 

 late development is so rare suggests 

 that the few cases observed may have 

 been caused by any accidental summer 

 pruning. 



Many buds have been found on spurs 

 which are bearing in the current year, 

 which matured fruit in two successive 



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Page 2S 



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