Page 6 



BETTER FRUIT 



March 



instead of the bran, seasoning tlien 

 with salt. Arsenite of soda (see For- 

 mula 15), the quickest-acting insect 

 poison known, may be used as the poi- 

 son in either formula at the rate of 

 3 pints of the stock solution to the 30 

 pounds of bran, etc. 



Use: For cutworms, grasshoppers or 

 crickets. Do not apply directly to 

 young trees but distribute on the 

 ground, either by spoonfuls or broad- 

 cdst 



10. BORDEAUX 



Stan- 

 Double (lard Weak 

 Bluestone (cop. sulphate) 10 5 2 lbs. 



Stone lime 8 5 2 lbs. 



Water to make 50 50 50 gals. 



Dissolve the bluestone by suspending 

 it in a sack in 25 gallons of water in a 

 barrel, or by crushing it and adding to 

 hot water. Slake the lime in another 

 vessel, adding a little water .slowly, and 

 dilute to 25 gallons. Mix the two thor- 

 oughly, which is usually done by pour- 

 ing the two simultaneously into a third 

 vessel. 



Use: (a) The standard formula is a 

 repellent for leaf-eating insects because 

 of the metallic taste. Valuable for cut- 

 worms, grasshoppers, flea beetles, (b) 

 As a fungicide. Double strength used 

 in Western Washington as a late fall 

 or winter spray for anthracnose; the 

 weak formula a summer spray on deli- 

 cate foliage for cherry shot-hole or 

 peach blight; the standard strength for 

 scab. 



11. SULPHUR 



Sublimed flowers of sulphur or 

 ground sulphur flour is sometimes used 

 as a dust spray, either alone or diluted 

 with equal parts of hydrated lime. As 

 a liquid spray, for every 20 gallons stir 

 1 pound of sulphur into a flour paste 

 made of 1 pound of flour and 1 gallon 

 boiling water, before diluting. 



Sulphur paste, milled sulphur, atomic 

 sulphur and diatomic sulphur are com- 

 mercial preparations containing about 

 50 per cent of finely-divided sulphur. 

 They are used at 2 to 6 pounds to 50 

 gallons. 



Use: For orchard mites and mildew. 

 A stronger spray than iron sulphide, 

 liable to burn very young fruit in hot 

 weather. 



12. IRON SULPHIDE MIXTURE 



Lime-sulphur, 32° 5 gallons 



Ferrous sulphate (green 



vitriol or copperas) 20 pounds 



Water to make 200 gallons 



Add the lime-sulphur to the spray 

 tank nearly full of water and with 

 agitator running stir in the iron sul- 

 phate, previously dissolved in about 10 

 gallons of water. The mixture con- 

 sists pricipally of black iron sulphide 

 and finely-divided sulphur. It is the 

 latter that gives value to the spray. 



An eciuivalent spray can be produced 

 by stirring together the following and 

 then adding to a 200-gallon tank of 

 water: 



Water 25 gallons 



Sulphuric acid, commerc'1.2V4 quarts 

 Lime-sulphur, 32° 5 gallons 



13. SOIL FUMIGANTS 

 A. Carbon Disulphide. Allow two- 

 thirds ounce to each square yard of 

 surface and cover immediately with 



oilcloth. Extremely volatile and in- 

 flammable. 



Use: For borers, cutworms, root 

 weevils, wireworms; in strawberry 

 fields, gardens, etc. 



B. Cyanide. Pour 1 per cent solu- 

 tion of sodium cyanide (deadly poison) 

 into spots requiring treatment. Do not 

 inhale fumes. Destructive to plants as 

 well as insects, but soil treated becomes 

 safe in a few days. 



Use: For exterminating ant nests, 

 for woolly aphid and other subter- 

 ranean insects. 



ones are incompatible. "X" indicates 

 that there is but slight or no chemical 

 reaction and the sprays can be safely 

 mixed; "O" indicates that there is a 

 reaction which harms or destroys the 

 value of the individual sprays; "R" in- 

 dicates that the mixture is more or less 

 repellent to the taste of chewing in- 

 sects and hence the combination is not 

 apt to be so effective as if the arsenical 

 were used alone; "S" indicates that the 

 combination might scorch foliage; "U" 

 indicates that the mixing is unneces- 

 sary: 



2 3 

 •S * 



3 a 



M tA 



i « ft 



.S o o 



hj V3 V3 



IJx 



n Ux 

 o X 



O X 



X o 



Xrs O 



O O 



Ux Ux 



Ux Ux 



Ux O 



14. FUMIGATION FOR NURSERY 

 STOCK 



Sodium cyanide, 130% 1 ounce 



Water 24 ounces 



Sulphuric acid 1| ounces 



This amount is sufhcient to fumigate 



150 cubic feet. Place the nursery stock 



in a box made gas tight by sealing with 



building paper if necessary. Pour the 



acid into the water in an earthenware 



bowl and set it on the plants. Wrap 



the cyanide in a paper and drop into 



the bowl of acid; immediately putting 



down the cover. Fumigate for 30 to 45 



minutes. Do not inhale any of the gas, 



for it is fatally poisonous. Do not 



fumigate evergreens. Do not fumigate 



stock after the buds open. For grafts 



or scions use two-thirds the formula. 



For greenhouses use one-third the 



formula. 



15. WEED KILLERS 



A. Iron Sulphate. 



Iron sulphate (gieen vitriol 



or copperas) 20 to 80 pounds 



Water 50 gallons 



B. Arsenite of Soda (poison). 



White arsenic (arsenious acid) . 1 pound 

 Potash or lye 2 pounds 



Boil the ingredients of B together in 

 2 gallons of water. For use dilute this 

 stock solution to 50 gallons. 



Use: Either A or B sprayed over 

 young weeds will kill them. Used for 

 mustards and other broad-leaved plants. 

 Old weeds become very resistant. 



16. COMBINATION SPRAYS 



Some sprays are not injured if mixed 

 together. Other sprays have their 

 properties changed when combined and 

 should not be mixed. A combination 

 spray for apple scab, codling moth and 

 aphids could consist of 



40% nicotine 1 pint 



Lime-sulphur, 32" 5 gallons 



Arsenate of lead, paste .... 5 pounds 

 Water 125 gallons 



To this spray soap should not be added. 



The following table shows what 



sprays can be mixed together and what 



■ga 



V 



o a 5 



3 



a. 



.29 



PROGRAM FOR THE MORE USUAL 

 ORCHARD SPRAYINGS 



*W., Western Washington; C, Central Wash- 

 ington; E., Eastern Washington. 



1. When buds begin to swell: 



Oil spray or 3 degree lime-sulphur 

 (W, C, E*). 



A general cleanup for scales, in- 

 sect eggs and fungi, particularly 

 important for San Jose scale. 



With nicotine added, the most 

 valuable treatment for aphis when 

 buds first show green (W, C, E). 



2. When new foliage is first appearing: 



Nicotine (W, C, E) usually un- 

 necessary if given in preceding. For 

 aphids, orchard mites, thrips, leaf- 

 hoppers. With arsenical added (W). 

 For budworm (W), twig borer (C). 



3. When blossoms are ready to open 

 (apple, pear) : 



Lime-sulphur, 1.5 degrees. For 

 scab (W, E) and mildew (W, C, E). 



With nicotine added, for orchard 

 mites, aphids, thrips. 



4. When last petals are falling (apple) : 



Arsenate of lead. For codling 

 moth, caterpillars (C, E). 



With lime-sulphur, 1.5 degrees, 

 added. For scab (W, E) and mil- 

 dew (W, C, E). 



5. Additional summer sprayings may 

 be needed, as arsenate of lead for 

 codling moth and caterpillars; nico- 

 tine for aphids, oyster-shell scale, 

 mites; bordeaux for grasshoppers. 



6. In November: 



Lime-sulphur, 3 degrees, or bor- 

 deaux, double or standard strength. 

 For apple anthracnose (W). 



Nicotine (W, C, E). For returning 

 aphids. 



HINTS ON SPRAYING 



It takes a definite quantity of mate- 

 rial to spray a tree thoroughly, whether 

 applied at high or low pressure or 

 whether applied as a mist or a driving 

 spray. Low pressure does not save 

 material, but wastes time. The labor 



