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BETTER FRUIT 



Page ip 



BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails 



Western Cement Coated Nails 

 for Western Growers 



Our Cement Coated Nails are always of 

 uniform length, gauge, head and count. 

 Especially adapted to the manufacture of 

 fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are 

 the Best on the Market. 



Write for Growers' testimonials. 



Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. 



DENVER, COLORADO 



Pacific Coast Sales Offices 



Portland, Spokane, San Francisco 



Los Angeles 



AFTER use of C. F. & I, Co.'s 

 Cement Coated Nails 



Two Destructive Scale Insects 



[Office of Information, United States Department of Agriculture] 



SPECIALISTS of the Uniled States 

 Depai'tinent of Agriculture report 

 that the oyster-shell scale and the 

 scurfy scale are more frequently the 

 subject of inquiry by orchardists and 

 others than all other sjjecics of scale 

 insects coniljined, with the exception 

 of the San Jose scale. These scales 

 often kill individual branches and per- 

 manently stunt or, in extreme cases, 

 kill the tree. Although the insects win- 

 ter in the egg stage under the protect- 

 ing scales and are, therefore, less sus- 

 ceptible to washes that are effective 

 against the San Jose scale, yet such 

 treatment in most cases will reduce 

 their numbers to a point wheie little 

 injury from them will result. Special 

 spra\ing may be necessary to hold 

 them in check if spraying for the San 

 Jose scale is not carried on. 



The oyster-shell scale is the more 

 important of the two. It occurs in 

 neaily every state in the country and 

 attacks a|)ple, maple, horse clu'stnut, 

 pojjlar, willow, lilac, and more than a 

 score of other trees. Shade trees 

 which are not often sprayed are espe- 

 cially susceptible to attack. Maple and 

 poplar trees in some cases are com- 

 pletely incrusted from top to bottom 

 of the trunk. The insect owes its name 

 to its resemblance to a long, narrow 

 oyster shell. The adult female scales 

 are dark-brown in color and about one- 

 eighth of an inch in length. The eggs 

 are concealed beneath them. In the 

 warmer climates there are two broods 

 each year, but in the extreme north- 

 ern part of the country and in Canada 

 there is onlv one. The time of the 

 hatching of Ihese broods varies greatly, 

 hut it usually occurs through the 

 months of Ajjril, May and June. 



The scurfy scale is cs|)ecially com- 

 mon on apple, pear, cherry an(i [leach 

 fi'ees. It does not attack as wide a 

 variety of plants as the oyster-shell 

 scale, and this fact, coupled with its 

 being less widely distributed than the 

 latter, makes it the less harmful of 

 the two. The scurfy scale, like the 

 oyster-shell, winters in the egg condi- 

 tion under the scales. The scale of the 

 female is dirty gray in color and of 

 an irregular pvar shape. 



Where orchards are pruned and 

 sprayed regularly for the San Jose 

 scale during the dormant period, this 

 will usually be suHicient to hold both 

 the oyster-shell and the scurfy scale in 

 check. ^Yhere this is not done and the 

 scales prove troublesome, specific treat- 

 ment is necessary. The spraying is 

 usually done in the same manner as for 

 the San Jose scale, using the lime- 

 sulphur mixture and applying it when 

 the trees are dormant. If an abundance 

 of young scales hatch in the spring 

 notwithstanding such treatment, addi- 

 tional spraying is necessary. Kerosene 

 emulsion or other contact sprays may 

 be used to kill the newly-hatched in- 

 sects. Only the insects hit by the spray 

 are killed; therefore the effectiveness 

 of this second spi-aying depends largely 

 upon whether it is done at the time 

 the scales hatch, and whether the tree 

 is thoroughly covered with a uniform 

 coat. The young insects usually appear 

 during the spring and sometimes in the 

 eaily summer. Trees which have be- 

 come infested should be carefully 

 watched during this period to discover 

 the insects when they hatch and to 

 applx- the spray at this time when it 

 will do the most good. The insects are 



easily distinguished, are light yellow- 

 in color, and are found crawling over 

 the trees in great numbers. 



Directions for the mixing of lime- 

 sulphur spray and kerosene emulsion 

 are contained in a new Farmers' Bul- 

 letin, No. 723, "The Oyster-Shell Scale 

 and the Scurfy Scale," by A. L. Quain- 

 tance and E. R. Sasscer, containing 

 complete data on these scales and addi- 

 tional methods for their control. 



Kerosene emulsion is made after the 

 following foi-mula: Kerosene (coal 

 oil, lamp oil), 2 gallons; fish-oil or 

 laundry soap (or 1 quart soft soap), % 

 pound; water, 1 gallon. First dissolve 

 the soap in boiling water, then remove 

 the vessel fi-om the lire. Innnediately 

 add the kerosene, and thoroughly agi- 

 tate the mixture until a creamy solu- 

 tion results. The stock ennilsion may 

 be more conveniently made by pour- 

 ing the mixture into the tank of a spray 

 pump, and pum]jing the liquid through 

 the nozzle back into the tank for some 

 minutes. The stock solution, if well 

 made, will keep for some months, anil is 

 to be diluted before use. To make a 

 10 per cent spray (the strength for 

 trees in foliage) add lo each 1 gallon 

 of the stock solution about ,")-,t gallons 



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