I9I7 



BETTER FRUIT 



Page jp 



orchards which are in sod and more 

 or less grown up in weeds and trasli. 

 In order to eirect a satisfactory control 

 of the curculio by sprays, these un- 

 thrifty orchard conditions must be cor- 

 rected. 



The Apple Maggot: This insect, often 

 known as the "railroad worm," rail- 

 roads or mines the pulp of the apple, 

 making brownish patches or trails. 

 Several maggots in the fruit will reduce 

 the pulp to a filthy mass, merely held 

 together by the skin. Its injuries are 

 confined largely to the Northeastern 

 States. Present evidence indicates that 

 the apple maggot may be controlled by 

 the application of arsenical sprays to 

 the fruit and foliage during early July, 

 and some observers hold that routine 

 orchard spraying is effective in obvi- 

 ating important injury. Drop wormy 

 fruit should be promptly collected and 

 destroyed. 



Apple Aphids: Principally three spe- 

 cies of aphids attack the fruit and foli- 

 age of the apple, namely, the rosy 

 aphis, the green apple aphis and the oat 

 aphis. The rosy aphis is especially in- 

 jurious to the blossom clusters and 

 causes the fruit to become knotty and 

 distorted or to fail to properly thin 

 out in the clusters, resulting in under- 

 .sized fruit. The oat aphis is of rela- 

 tively little importance, though the 

 green apple aphis may seriously check 

 the growth of young trees during the 

 summer when abundant on the shoots 

 and foliage. These aphids winter on 

 the apple trees in the egg condition, the 

 young hatching as the buds are break- 

 ing in the spring. They are best con- 

 trolled by the use of -lO per cent nico- 

 tine sulphate used at the rate of three- 

 quarter pint to one hundred gallons of 

 spray. If the treatment for the San 

 Jose scale be delayed, the nicotine may 

 be arlded to the strong lime-sulphur 

 wash, effecting combination treatment 

 for these two pests. The nicotine may 

 also be added to advantage to the first 

 scab treatment of the spray schedule. 



Leaf -Eating Caterpillars: Various 

 leaf - eating caterpillars, as canker 

 worms, tent caterpillars and the like, 

 are more or less abundant in orchards 

 each year in ditt'erent parts of the 

 country. These caterpillars, as a rule, 

 ai-e kept well in check by the use of 

 arsenical sprays. 



Scale Insects: The San Jose, oyster- 

 shell and scurfy scales are very gener- 

 ally present in apple orchards through- 

 out the country. The San Jose scale is 

 by all odds the most injurious and in 

 the absence of annual treatments will 

 destroy- or greatly injure the trees. An 

 individual scale is about the size of a 

 I)iii head, and has a nipple-like promi- 

 nence in the center. When abundant 

 the sc;des literally incrust the limbs 

 and branches, to which thev give an 



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