Page 10 



BETTER FRUIT 



November, 1021 



Winter Injury to Berry Plants 



By J. L. Stahl 



Hortictilturist of Western Wnshhtglon Experiment Station, With Arthur Frank, Plant 

 Pathologist of the Station, as Collaborator. 



barred and obstructed by a few trees which 

 can be cut out and the frost pocket re- 



ALMOST every year berries and other 

 fruits in this section are injured by 

 freezing to a greater or less degree. Some- 

 times the injury is more severe on one type 

 of berry than another, depending on the 

 condition or hardiness of the canes at the 

 time of the lowest temperatures. The 

 danger priods are usually in November and 

 December on the bearing canes and roots 

 and April and May for the young shoots. 

 Injury which occurs from freezing the 

 plants during the fall and winter months 

 is usually classed as winter injury. That 

 which occurs to new growing shoots in 

 spring we consider frost injury. 



There are many factors both natural and 

 artificial which may play an important 

 part in the amount or extent of winter in- 

 jury throughout a locality. Oftentimes 

 this condition cannot be avoided, but some- 

 times by study of the causes and careful 

 cultural methods given it can be prevented. 

 To a lesser degree frost injury can some- 

 times be prevented by practical methods. 



Some of the factors which produce a 

 tendency toward injury by frost are: 



Late irrigation or early fall rains; poor 

 drainage; continued cultivation late in the 

 season; neglect to thin young canes; late 

 summer fertilizing; excessive fertilization; 

 warm, wet fall followed by low tempera- 

 tures; summer drought, producing weak 

 canes; late frosts, injuring new shoots. 



Some of the factors which have a ten- 

 dency to resist or avoid winter injury are: 



Good soil drainage; good air drainage; 

 frequent cultivation during the early grow- 

 ing season ; early normal ripening of canes. 



TN SOIL where irrigation is necessary the 

 •*■ soil moisture and ripening of the cane 

 problems can be largely controlled. Some- 

 times the natural outlet of cold air is 



moved. Thinning of young shoots during 

 the growing season will allow greater air 

 and sunshine contact and consequently an 

 earlier ripening of wood in the fall. Re- 

 moval of old canes after the picking sea- 

 son will also aid in this. Immature canes 

 are easily injured by low temperatures. 



Fertilization is an important practice 

 that should receive careful study. Excessive 

 fertilization of a neglected or abused soil 

 is dangerous. Overfertilization causes over- 

 grown, sappy canes readily broken, easily 

 frozen in winter and soft berries. 



There are many types of fall and winter 

 freezing. Some of them are: 



Freezing of sappy canes in early fall ; 

 freezing of canes and roots from extreme 

 low temperatuse; freezing of sappy canes 

 near the ground line in the early spring; 

 frost just before the blossom time, pro- 

 ducing a blight on the flower stem; frost 

 during the blossom time killing the flow- 

 er organs; frost of new shoots in the early 

 spring; frosting of new shoots, causing a 

 bre.iking down of pith cells. 



It does not take a plant specialist to 

 recognize some of the symptoms of winter 

 or frost injury when they are once known. 

 Some of them are: 



Excessive shedding of bark on the lower 

 part of the cane; whitening of the entire 

 cane; excessive brittleness of the cane in 

 the early spring; dead or rotted roots; 

 chocolate-colored pith in lower part of the 

 cane; dry pith with a separation of the 

 cells; water soaked appearance of the in- 

 ner bark ; sour sap odor or taste ; dead ter- 

 minal growth; dead buds; wilted shoots 

 or buds immediately after starting out; 

 blackened or wilted new shoots; brown or 

 blackened fruit stems; blackened flowers. 



APPLE GROWERS 

 AND SHIPPERS! 



ATTENTION! 



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FOURTH AND HOYT STREETS 



PORTLAND. OREGON 



ALBATROSS BRANDS 



How to 



prevent 



the "blotch" or 

 "burn" of the 

 spray on fruit 



Observe this study in contrasts. The apple at the 

 luft was spravL-d with Arsenate of Lead— a wonder- 

 fully good spray. But the user netrlecttd to mix 

 "Spray Spread" with it. Bl-Iow is a similar apple- 

 spray t-d with the same kind of spray— but Albatross 

 Spray Spread was niix< d with the spray. Note the 

 ditfercijce — the "k-ad"' dried on the FIRST apple in 

 I spots— orblotchs.Tiic 

 Second apple received 

 an equal amount of 

 protective spray— but 

 it spread over the 

 apple in a thin film. 

 .Appearance and mar- 

 keting appeal of the 

 I appleisthusretained. 

 I The pictures tell why 

 I Government experts 

 I are so enthused over 

 "Spray Spreads- 

 why experienced hor- 

 I ticulturists say it has 

 ., , ,, -,/> /■' 1 ■' rN(J equal for spread- 

 Notethc bloU-h or burn of ^^^ ^n "arsenate of 

 the lead on this apple ],-ad" spray. 



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 SPRAY SPREAD ' 



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?? 



Quality Features: 



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4. Protects fruit with 

 uniform coatincr- 



5. Does not injure 

 folia i:e. 



6. Recommended by 

 experts. 



7. Gun r a nteed b y 

 manufacturers. 



Directions sent iviih ,. , ,, . ji 



each order -^ ^^^'J"-' ""'V^'rw .adicnng 



jihn on this apple 



PACKAGES AND PRICES 



20()lb. Bbl. B:.xes 2 lb. Pkgs. 



22(* lb. 24C^ lb. 250 lb. 



Freight prepaid to Northwest points. 



Note: If you use Casien. Albatross Superfine, 

 is the brand to buy. Very finely ground — • 

 quickly soluble when mixed with alkali. 



^foY 



I'^AINJp^ 



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 LcoLDWATERj packing sheds, 



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'"sciV'TL'e^^' Durlnfr the last six years a very 

 "~ large proportion of the major in- 



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 Dealers . .Address us for attractive sales proposition. 



