Page 14 



are inverted or laid on one side so as to wet 

 the inside of the caps thoroughly with juice. 

 If bottles closed vvith corks are used, the 

 bottles must stand upright in the water, 

 which should come up to the necks of the 

 bottles. 



The heating is then started. A thermo- 

 meter is hung so that it will dip for half 

 its length into the water, which is heated 

 gradually until its temperature reaches 175 

 degrees F. Allow the bottles or jars to re- 

 main in the water for 30 minutes if quart 

 or half-gallon jars are used, and from 40 

 to 45 minutes if gallon bottles are used. 

 Then remove from the stove and immedi- 

 ately tighten down the caps of the jars, if 

 jars are used. If corked bottles are used, 

 drive the corks firmly into the necks; in- 

 vert each bottle so as to wet the cork thor- 

 oughly with the hot juice; then complete 

 the sealing by cutting the corks off smooth- 

 ly ad pouring hot paraffin over it. 



Place the product in a dark, cool storage 

 room. Watch it for a period of a week or 

 more for the beginning of fermentation, 

 which will be indicated by frothing at the 

 surface of the liquid. If any bottles show 

 signs of fermenting, return them to the 

 wash boiler and repeat the process exactly 

 as before, loosening the tops, of course, be- 

 fore heating begins, and closing down firm- 

 ly again before the liquid is allowed to 

 cool. 



WHEN the juice is placed in storage the 

 suspended solid matter will gradu- 

 ally settle out and sediment will accumu- 

 late in the bottom and on the sides of the 

 jars. In the course of two or three months 

 at ordinary temperatures, this settling will 

 be completed and the liquid will be fairly 

 clear. It may be used directly from the bot- 

 tles or drawn off into clean bottles, which 

 should be sterilized before they are filled 

 and which .should then be corked and pas- 

 teurized by heating to 170 degrees F. for 

 the same length of time as in the first pas- 

 teurization. If rebottling is necessary or de- 

 sirable the second heating should never 

 reach the temperature to which the juice 

 was first heated; otherwise, the clarification 

 which is secured by settling and decanting 

 into new containers will be defeated, as a 

 second process of sedimentation will occur. 

 If the temperature be kept 5 degrees below 

 that reached at the first heating, this result 

 will be avoided. 



A reliable thermometer is a necessity for 

 this work, as it is important that the juice 

 be heated to 175 degrees F. in the first 

 heating, in order to destroy the organisms 

 which would otherwise cause fermentation. 

 It is equally import.int that the juice should 

 not be overheated, as this will give it a 

 cooked taste which is decidedly unpleasant 

 to many people. 



BETTER FRUIT 

 Applying Oil Spray 



By Leroy Childs, Entomologist, Hood 

 River Experiment Station 



THE oil spray is a difficult one to apply 

 owing to the fact that all parts of the 

 trees must be thoroughly covered if good 

 control of the leaf roller is to be obtained. 

 In order to get the best results there are a 

 few points that growers should continually 

 keep in mind while the spray is being ap- 

 plied. These are: 



Apply the spray during warm settled 

 weather as far as it is possible to do so. 



The eggs of the leaf roller are deposited 

 on the twigs and branches in all parts of the 

 trees, for the most part on the upper sides 

 of the limbs and twigs. On this account all 

 parts of the trees must be thoroughly cov- 

 ered. 



It is important to hit every egg mass. 

 From 25 to 75 worms will hatch from 

 every egg mass missed. Therefore, it is 

 easy to understand that a few missed egg 

 masses can result in a very wormy condition 

 of the tree. Failure in thoroughness is the 

 reason why a great many orchardists report 

 poor leaf roller control. 



If poor control occurred in portions of 

 your orchard last year be sure and pick out 

 the most favorable weather conditions this 

 year to spray this section as many more eggs 

 occur on the trees in such sections than 

 where good control was obtained. 



October, 1921 



After the spray has dried on some of the 

 sprayed trees examine them. If you find 

 unsprayed limbs you can figure that you are 

 doing a poor job. You can also figure that 

 you will have plenty of leaf rollers if you 

 do not do better work. 



The following amount of diluted oil 

 spray per tree has given excellent control 

 during the past several years in a number of 

 orchards under observation: 



Trees 11 years old, 4.1 gallons; 



Trees 12 years old, 4.5 gallons; 



Trees 13 years old, 5.6 gallons; 



Trees 14 years old, 7 gallons; 



Trees 15 years old, 7.2 gallons; 



Trees 1 7 years old, 8 gallons. 

 Check up your average usage per tree and 

 if you find that you are under these figures 

 it will pay you a big return to increase the 

 amount of spray per tree. 



FREIGHT RATE REDUCTIONS 

 "JV/TARKED reductions in frtlght rates on canned 

 goods, dried fruits and vegetables, peas and 

 beans in carload lots, shipped from Pacific Coast 

 territory to eastern points, were made effective 

 Monday, August 22. The rates affect shipments 

 from Spokane, Walla Walla, Yakima and Coast 

 points, to all eastern territory extending from St. 

 Paul, Omaha and Denver to the Atlantic seaboard. 

 On canned goods the basic rate is reduced from 

 $1.20^ a hundred pounds to $1.05. On dried 

 and evaporated fruits and vegetables the rate is 

 cut from $2.00 to $1.45 on shipments In sacks 

 or boxes and from I.66J/2 to $1.25 on goods 

 shipped in glass or cans. On dry beans and peat 

 the cut is from $1.25i^ to $1.05. 



A survey of the dried and canned fruit business 

 In Scandinavian countries finds American canned 

 and dried fruits easily in first place and enjoying 

 continued popularity, reports the American agri- 

 cultural trade commissioner at London. 



9^Ui^ 



dominating feature 

 of Caterpillar'Tractors 



*HOLT 



MANUTACTURING COMPANY 



Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois 



Lot Angela, Cal. Spokane, WoMh. San Francuco, CaL 



