Pdgc Tii-ciili/-f()iir 



BETTER FRUIT 



May, 1922 



Factors Inducing Calyx 

 Spray Injury 



{Cont'mufd from page 7) 



tivation last year. The block immediately 

 adjoining it had had continuous excellent 

 cultivation. Both blocks \yere sprayed by 

 the same man with the same strength of 

 lime-sulfur. The improperly cared for 

 block suffered from very severe leaf burn 

 and leaf drop, while the other block dis- 

 closed not the slightest trace of spray 

 injury. 



There are other conditions that contri- 

 bute to lime-sulfur injury that must be also 

 mentioned because even the poorly cared 

 tor orchards escape serious spray burn in 

 many seasons. One of these is the weather. 

 After a period of long continued moist and 

 cloudy weather apple foliage even on trees 

 of good vigor is apt to be unusually sensi- 

 tive to spray injury. The fact that such 

 conditions prevailed to an unusual extent 

 last spring will account, in part at least, 

 for the very unusual and widsespread spray 

 burn met with all over Western Oregon last 

 year. In the average year this danger of 

 ultra-sensitiveness is not to be expected; 

 but when it does exist it is the vigorous and 

 well cultivated trees that suffer the least. 



TN SEASONS like that of 1921, the con- 

 -*- dition known as sulfur-shock is also far 

 more evident than in the normal season. 

 Sulfur-shock is the result of applying lime- 

 sulfur spray on well developed foliage 

 which has not been rendered resistant by 

 earlier application of this material. It is 

 particularly noticeable when the delayed- 

 dormant and pink scab sprays have not been 

 •ipplied and the leaves get their first lime- 

 sulfur spray after the petals have fallen. 

 At times it may be so serious as to cause a 

 large part of the leaves to drop. While 

 marked sulfur-shock may not occur in Ore- 

 gon in the average season yet it is import- 

 ant that the early spray should be given 

 every year, not only for the resulting scab 

 control, but as something of a protection 

 against sulfur-shock in the later sprays. 



Much spray burn occurs in years when 

 weather conditions have been especially 

 favorable for scab development. This 

 burn may not result in any way from the 

 sensitive condition of the tret, but is very 

 often due to unsatisfactory spraying or a 

 neglect of early applications whereby an 

 abundance of scab spots have developed on 

 the leaves. The scab fungus always breaks 

 the leaf skin and wherever lime-sulfur 

 spray touches a scab spot it penetrates into 

 the leaf tissues and kills them, causing 

 brown burned areas to appear. Scab spot 

 burn is naturally to be avoided by putting 

 on a thorough spray program from the very 

 start and thus preventing any extensive de- 

 \elopment of infections. 



Temperature has an important effect on 

 the activity of sulfur sprays. In hot 

 weather, weaker dilutions of lime-sulfur 

 should be used. No accurate experiments 



For the Control of Aphis — 



Spray with APHOIL 



Which is also an efficient Spreader 



Write jor injormation 



Hood River Spray Co. 



HOOD RIVER, OREGON 



Manufacturers of DORMOIL 



have yet been conducted to determine the 

 exact relations of temperature to sulfur 

 sprays, but the Crop Protection Institute is, 

 1 understand, about to undertake such 

 studies during the coming season. These 

 should give us some very valuable infor- 

 mation which has long been needed. It is 

 to be hoped that in these investigations ef- 

 forts will be made to determine how spray 

 injury may be avoided under all circum- 

 stances. Meanwhile the grower must fol- 

 low with care such practices as will keep 

 his trees in the most vigorous condition 

 possible, applying the early protective 

 sprays faithfully and using greater dilu- 

 tions in hot weather. 



Action of Spreaders 



SUCCESS of the calyx spray depends 

 largely upon success in getting the 

 ^prav into the calyx cup, according to an 

 expert who has made a study of the matter. 

 He has a tested theory as to the best means 

 of accomplishing this, which he sets forth 

 as follows: 



"To send the lead spray into the calyx 

 cup, real driving power behind the droplets 

 is necessary. Hence we use high power. 

 But the higher the pressure used the finer 

 are the droplets and the resultant mist. 

 Obviously the driving power behind the 

 droplets becomes less as the mist is made 

 finer. 



"On the other hand the use of a coarser 

 nozzle and coarser droplets it not so ef- 

 fective because the droplets run off too 

 freely. Here comes in the use of a spray 

 spreader. When a spreader is used in the 

 spray, the drops, even though kept some- 

 what coarser, spread over the calyx cup 

 when they strike it and carry the lead 

 where it must be if the apples are to be 

 protected against the first brood of codling 

 moths. This property of a spreader gives 

 the added advantage of enabling the spraver 

 to cover the tops of the trees, where the 

 finer mist cannot be driven." 



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 grower needs in spray- 

 ing to produce the de- 

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 capacity and pressure, 

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leading manufacturers of 

 sprayers have now stand- 

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The 4 H. P. Cushman (weight 190 lbs.) is the proper 



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The 8 H P. Double Cylinder Cushman, weighing only 



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Michael H. Walsh, horticulturist inter- 

 nationally known .as the originator of the 

 Ramber rose, died April Id, at his home in 

 Massachusetts at the age of 7+. 



