ILLUSTRATIONS, 



PLATES. 



Page. 



Manufia Canal Frontispiece. 



Plate I. Map of Egypt,, showing provinces and irrigation circles 12 



II. Fig. 1. — Plowing with ox and buffalo. Fig. 2. — Plowing land which 



has been baked by the sun 16 



III. Cleaning a large canal 16 



TV. Fig. 1. — Irrigation basin near Pyramids of Gizeh. Fig. 2. — Irriga- 

 tion basin west of Cairo, water returning to Nile in channel 28 



V. Fig. 1. — Irrigating strawberries. Fig. 2. — Perennial irrigation, wheat 



field under check system of irrigation 28 



VI. Fig. 1. — Thrashing Indian corn. Fig. 2. — Thrashing wheat 28 



VII. Plat of the village of Talbia, showing town and tributary farms 28 



VIII. Map showing irrigation works in a portion of the province of Keneh 32 

 IX. Fig. 1. — Camels carrying ruins of village to be used for fertilizer. 



Fig. 2. — Cleaning a small canal 32 



X. Map of the Nile Valley from Cairo to the Delta showing the location 



of the barrages and the head works of the principal canals 36 



XI. Fig. 1.— Lateral head gate. Fig. 2.— Head gate of Manufia Canal... 40 



XII. Theshaduf 40 



XIII. Fig. 1. — Sakiyehs. Fig. 2. — A steam pump on a scow 44 



XIV. Archimedean screw, showing interior construction at riglit 44 



XV. The natali 44 



XVI. Fig. 1. — The Damietta Ijarrage from eastern bank of the Nile. Fig. 



2. — Rosetta barrage from western Ijank of the Nile 48 



XVII. Details of the Cairo barrage. . : 48 



XVIII. Map comparing the Nile Valley with that of the Platte River 52 



XIX. ^lap showing the Assuan dam across the Nile 52 



XX. The Assuan dam 52 



XXI. Western end of Assuan dam from downstream, January 7, 1902 52 



XXII. Fig. 1. — Cast-iron lining for sluiceways being put in place at the 

 Assuan dam. Fig. 2. — Deep foundation work near western end of 



Assuan dam 56 



XXIII. Diversion dam across the Nile at Assiut 60 



XXIV. Map of lower Egypt, showing principal canals and <lrains 60 



TEXT FKtUREB. 



Fio. 1. Diagram showing discharge of the Mississippi at St. Louis and of the 



Nile at Assuan 22 



2. Diagram showing discharge of the Nile at Assuan and of the Missouri 



at Kansas City 23 



3. Spur to i)revent erosion of river l)anks 25 



4. Nilometer on the Elephantine Island 26 



5. Diagram showing inaccuracy of lam I measurements 30 



6. Typical cross section of the Nile Valley 33 



7. Hoe used liy native farmers 39 



8. Cross section of Assuan dam 53 



9. Details of apparatus for raising gates, Assuan dam 54 



9 



