45 



in many cases, been su])stituted for those orig-inally employed. Pump- 

 ing plants are f requenth^ seen on scows on the river, (PI. XIII, lig, 2.) 

 These go from place to place and furnish water under contract. 

 Where the lift is not over 8 or 10 feet and where the owner of the 

 field is a part owner in the plant, steam pumps furnish water at about 

 $1.90 per acre for each irrigation. If the farmer is not interested in 

 the plant the cost per acre mav run as high as $3.75 or $4 for each irri- 

 gation. Cotton has to be watered four or live times during the grow- 

 ing season. A\'heat. maize, and all fodder crops are generally twice 

 irrigated. Figures quoted by engineers as to the cost of pumping 

 water var}- greatl}'. The outlay for this service depends largely upon 

 the local practice of the irrigator. Mr. Thorwald L. Smith, agricul- 

 turist of the Societe du Behera, which controls a considerable area in 

 the delta, has furnished the following information regarding the char- 

 acter of the pumps emploved l)}- the society, together with their dis- 

 charge, the quantity and cost of coal consumed, etc. The pumps 

 employed are either of English or French manufacture, and are not 

 superior in any way to tho.se made in the United States. A detailed 

 description of them is therefore unnecessary. 



Efficienry of pumpiny plants owned bij the Societr (Ik JJchera, Alexandria." 



a Tests running from 189.5-1901: lift, 6.5 feet. 



'^Coal atS8.94perton. 



DUTY OF WATER. 



Some tests have been made in both Upper and Lower Egypt to deter- 

 mine the duty of water. The lack of careful measurements of the 

 water supplied for irrigation discredits many reports which would 

 otherwise be valuable. The rated capacity of the pumps is too often 

 used in computing the volume of water furnished. When gaugings 

 are made to check the pumps, it is generally found that the discharge 

 has been overestimated. The water is usuallv measured on the border 



