8 FIELD STUDIES OF THE CROWN-GALL OF THE GRAPE. 



Prior to July 1, 1907, this investigation was conducted in the Mis- 

 sissippi Valley Laboratory of the Bureau of Plant Industry at St. 

 Louis, Mo., under the supervision of Dr. Hermann von Schrenk. 



For convenience, two forms of crown-gall of the grape are recog- 

 nized in this bulletin. The underground or subterranean form 

 developing at or below the surface of the ground (see PI. Ill) is des- 

 ignated as root galls ; the form appearing on the canes of the vines 

 above the surface of the ground (see PI. II, fig. 2) is designated as 



cane galls. 



HISTORICAL NOTES. 



It is probable that the crown-gall of the grape originated in the 

 older countries of Europe or possibly in Asia where vines were first 

 cultivated, but efforts to trace the disease even back to the middle 

 ages were futile. 



The first written record found in the literature examined was a 

 reference to the form of the disease occurring on the canes of the 

 grapevine by Fabre and Dunal (19) in 1853. This form is usually 

 called "broussin" or "broussins" in French descriptions. Accord- 

 ing to Viala (55) it is also called, including the form on the roots, 

 "exostoses," "exostoses fungoides," and "fongosites." The follow- 

 ing French investigators have described and reported the disease: 

 Cazalis (6) and Joly (32) in 1873; Du Breuil (16) in 1875; Planchon 

 (38) and Seillan (42) in 1882; Corvo (11) in 1885; Prillieux (39) in 

 1888; Viala in 1887 (55), 1893 (57), and 1896 (56); Zacharewicz (63) 

 in 1894; Ravaz (40) and Giard (25) in 1897; and Durand (18) in 1907. 



In Germany, Dornfield (15) in 1859 described a form of disease 

 called "Grind," consisting of galls or outgrowths on the canes of 

 grapevines. This form of disease has also been known in Germany 

 by the names "Schorf," "Raude," "Mauche," "Ausschlag," "Krebs," 

 and "Kropf," the last name being also applied to the form of the 

 disease appearing as galls upon the roots of vines. 



Since Dornfield's time the following investigators in Germany have 

 written concerning the disease: Kohler (33) in 1869; Goethe in 1875 

 (28), 1878 (26, 27), and 1882 (29); Von Thumen (58) in 1884; Bein- 

 ling (2) in 1891; Frank (21) in 1895; and Sorauer in 1886 (48) and 



1908 (46, 47). 



In Italy, Garovaglio and Cattaneo (23) in 1879 described a disease 

 called "rogna" on the canes and roots of the grapevine similar to the 

 disease known in France as "broussins" and in Germany as "Grind." 

 This was followed by publications by the following investigators: 

 Comes in 1885 (8) and 1891 (7); Corvo (11) in 1885; Cuboni (12) in 

 1889; Martelli (37) in 1891; and Cavara in 1895 (4) and 1897 (5). 

 The disease is also known in Italy under the names "malattia dei 

 tubercoli" and "tubercoli." 



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