DISTRIBUTION AND IMPORTANCE OP CROWN-GALL. 9 



In the United States in 1889 Galloway (22) under the name of 

 "black-knot" described the form of crown-gall occurring on the canes 

 of grapevines. This he considered the same as the "broussins" of 

 the French, the "Krebs" or "Schorf" of the Germans, and the 

 "malattia dei tubercoli" of the Italians. The disease on the canes 

 or roots of grapevines has since either been reported or described in 

 the United States by the following investigators: E. F. Smith (44) 

 in 1894; Wood worth and Wickson in 1892 (61) and 1894 (62) ; Stewart 

 and Blodgett (49) in 1899; Stewart, Rolfs, and Hall (50), and 

 Tourney (51) in 1900; Garcia (24), Whipple (59), and Hedgcock (31) 

 in 1906; and Lawrence (35) in 1907. Under the name "necrosis," 

 Reddick (41) in 1909 described a gall disease of the canes of grape- 

 vines in New York which is apparently the same as the crown-gall, 

 "broussins," "rogna," and "Grind." 



In England, Cooke in 1893 (9) and 1903 (10) described a gall on 

 the roots of grapevines which resembles the crown-gall in its gross 

 appearance. 



In Canada, Fletcher (20) in 1889 described a disease of the canes 

 of the grapevine under the name "black-knot," which is apparently 

 the same as the form described by Galloway (22) and Reddick (41) 

 and the crown-gall occurring on the canes of vines' of European 

 grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) described in this bulletin. 



In Chile, Dehors (13) in 1894 and Lataste (34) in 1896 described a 

 tubercular or gall disease of the grape similar to the crown-gall of the 

 roots of vines in this country. 



In New South Wales, Blunno (3) in 1901 reported a cancerous 

 disease of the grapevines which is apparently the same as the forms 

 of the disease on the canes and roots of vines in this country and 

 Europe. 



In Cape Colony the disease is reported by letter by the entomolo- 

 gist, C. P. Lounsbury, with specimens on the canes of grapevines 

 undoubtedly identical with the form of disease described on the canes 

 of vines in this bulletin. 



In the Netherlands, Van Hall (54) in 1902 described a gall disease 

 of the grapevines, which he considered the same as the "rogna" of the 

 Italians. 



The disease has been observed by the author on the canes of grape- 

 vines in northern Mexico near Ciudad Juarez and Nogales. 



DISTRIBUTION AND IMPORTANCE OF CROWN-GALL. 

 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE DISEASE. 



If all the forms reported by the citations on the preceding pages 

 are one disease, which is -very probable, the crown-gall is widely dis- 

 tributed and probably occurs wherever European grapes are grown. 



183 



