6 



I'.csidos the indirect aHcclion ol the eyes from the nostrils, there is a more 

 direct way wltich is also very connnon. In such a case the ceUa infra-orbitalis 

 is generally affected from the beginning of the roupy, nasal catarrh, and the 

 retained secretions become so large that the bone-walls are pressed out in all 

 directions. Later, these, under the ever-increasing pressure, become absorb- 

 ed in some places ; as, for example, Ijetween the mncr corner of the eye and 

 the nostril. Here a hot tumor witli a hard centre forms. The swelling 

 quickly extends to the eye-lids, after which serous putrid, croupous-diphtheritic 

 Conjuctivitis sets in. These tumors are well known among poultrymen, for 

 they fre(|uently recommend the upening of the tumors and "extracting the 

 roots of the disease." The masses taken from the tumors form again, with 

 great rapidity and obstinacy. Often, after there had been for an indefinite 

 period only a slight swelling on the lids, even without conjunctival catarrh, 

 blindness ensued without any preceptible cause. Later, the iris and pupil be- 

 came grey, and the cornea cloudy. When the disease of the eye appeared 

 in this waj', the general condition was always very much disturbed. In these 

 cases, the post-mortem examination showed that the phlegmonous processes 

 had spread from the eye-lids into the loose tissue of the peri-orbital cavity : 

 and grey, streaked pus, or thick, well-marked, yellowish-white, cheese -like 

 limips of matter, like those in the eye-lid, were found. 



Mouth and Pharynx. 



^louth and Pharynx. Primary or secondary catarrh of the nuse, croup- 

 ous or diphtheritic membranes appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth 

 and pharynx, especially about the fissure of the palate, on the hard palate, on the 

 side of the mouth, near the larynx, and under the tongue. They are usually 

 small, but they often grow to large, extended patches. The thickness varies 

 from J^-4m.m. The outside is uneven or smooth. The color is yellowish- 

 white ; in the older membranes, a light brown. They either adhere firmly, 

 or fall off easily. In the foriner case, they leave a dirty, greyish mucous mem- 

 brane which bleeds slightly ; in the latter case, the underlying mucous mem- 

 brane appears unchanged. A slight reddening of the region of the mucous 

 membrane affected, may precede the appearance of the pseudo-membranes. 

 Usually, however, this is not the case ; but the mucous membranes is pale, with 

 a grey surface, which can be easily removed as a thin membrane. This grey 

 superficial membrane gradually changes to a croupous or diphtheritic mem- 

 brane. 



In fowls I, 4, 9, and 10, the first stages of a diphtheritic membrane were 

 present, and the ducts of the sub-lingual glands were filled with a clear, tough, 

 gelatinous secretion, which was turbid, and which finally became a solid yellow 

 white membrane. At first, these membranes were arranged in lines on both 

 sides near the tongue. Later, they spread farther and became a single large 

 membrane. In addition to this, in fowl q, there developed a large tumour in 

 the submucous tissues, which contained a firm, cheese-like lump directly ad- 

 herent to the membrane. Frequently large swellings in the region of the 

 sublingual glands occurred, which then hardened to firm, smooth, or uneven 



