11 



7. Study the youngs cones and draw them. 



8. How can you tell the ag^e of a Conifer? Ascertain how long 

 the leaves remain attached to the twigs of the Conifer. 



XIII. The Wood of Coniferous Trees. 



1. In cross sections determine (1) whether the heart-wood and sap- 

 wood are of the same color; (2) whether "autumn wood" is of the same 

 color as the "spring wood." 



2. Make diagrammatic sketches to illustrate. 



3. Study the specimens in the laboratory. 



4. Make a key for identification of different coniferous woods. 



5. ^\'hen are "spring wood" and "ai\umn wood" formed? 



XIV. Logs, Lumber, and Knots. 



I. Study the end of a large log of hard wood, and determine the 

 areas : bark, wood, and pith. Make a drawing. 



2- Where does a tree grow in thickness? Where is the oldest 

 part of the wood? 



3. What does each ring represent? Why? Why is the pith 

 sometimes not exactly at the centre? 



4. Of what is the bark mainly composed? How does the inside 

 part differ from the outside? What is the use of the bark to the trees? 



5. What is the meaning of the numerous fine rays (rnedullary rays) 

 leading out from the pith? Are all of the same length? Do they ex- 

 tend into the bark? 



6. Determine in which direction the wood splits most readily. Ex- 

 plain. 



7. When a log is sawed into boards, will the "grain" of the 

 boards differ according to the way the boards have been sawed? Show 

 clearly by specimens and by drawings. 



8. How is "quarter-sawed" lumber obtained? Why is it more ex- 

 pensive than other cuts? Why is it admired in furniture? 



9. Examine a tree which has lost a branch (by accident or by prun- 

 ing). What is happening to the cut end of the wound ? Any diseased' 

 wood? Why does not the new wound-tissue (callus) always completely 

 cover over the wound? 



10. When lumber is sawed from a log made from a tree which has 

 been deprived of branches at some stage of its existence, should you ex- 

 pect to find traces of such branches? What are they called in lumber? 

 Explain the formation of "buried" knots. 



II. Find out the various processes by which lumber is made up 

 into furniture. 



