25 



2. Where does the funnel-web spider lie in wait for his prey ? What 

 as the appearance of this spider, and what is the structure of the web ? 

 Observe and describe the tunnel. 



3. How does the orb-web spider or weaver make his web ? How 

 many kinds of silk are used ? How is the spiral thread arranged ? 

 Where does the spider lie in wait for its prey ? How does the spider 

 pass from one side of the web to the other? 



4. What is the structure of a cob-web ? 

 Where and how does the spider Ife in wait ? 



5. Find, and study jumping spiders, running spiders, ballooning 

 spiders; harvestmen. 



6. Observe how the silk is spun by the spiders. 



7. Collect the egg-sacs of spiders, and note where they are found. 

 Determine when the e^<rs hatch. 



8. Compare a spider with an insect. In what respect do they differ? 



[Consult Comstock.] 



XL. Plant Galls. 



Collect the Galls on as many different plants as possible, and make 

 drawings of their shape and contents. 



Try and answer the following questions : 



1. What galls have openings ? 



2. What galls are single-celled ? Many-celled ? 



3. What galls become empty before the close of autumn ? 

 y 4. Find examples of galls on roots and stems. 



5. Study carefully the Pine-Cone Willow-Gall, and give a reason for 

 the Cone. Keep some of these Willow-Galls in a jar, covered with 

 ■cheese cloth, until spring. 



6. Put away also some of the Mossy Rose-Galls and Oak-Galls. 



7. Qassify the galls collected according to the insects producing 

 them. Which were made by aphids ? by Hymenoptera (Cynipids) ? by 

 Diptera (Cecidomyia) ? by moths ? by mites ? 



8. How were the galls made ? 



9. Compare the galls found on Golden Rod ; on Oak ; on Maple ; on 

 Elm ; on Grape ; on Witch-hazel ; on Poplar ; on Hickory ; on Rosa ; on 

 Rubus. 



XLI. Earthworms. 



1. Prepare a wooden box with holes on side to admit air ; almost fill 

 the box with rich, moist earth, in which are many decaying leaves and 

 stems ; place some earthworms on the surface ; moisten the earth occa- 

 rsionally. 



